[140] The Bhagavata Purana manuscripts also exist in many versions, in numerous Indian languages. Similarly, when the Ramlila tradition of reenacting the Ramayana is referred to as an institution, the term Shri Ramlila is frequently used. [148][149] A paper[which?] The name is also interpreted sometimes as "all-attractive". mon: rudra abhishekam 6.30pm //// tues: hanuman chalisa 8.10pm //// wed: yoga 6.30pm to 8.00pm //// thurs: sai baba bhajans 7pm to 8.30pm //// fri: mahaprasad 7.30pm //// sat: balaji abhishekam 10.30am to 12.30pm //// sun: shri sathya saibaba 3pm to 5pm //// yoga class 9am to 10.30am //// dada bhagwan 1pm to 3pm //// subject to change Christopher Key Chapple (Editor) and Winthrop Sargeant (Translator), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press. A partial list follows: This article is about the word. [203] The notable Jagannath temple in Puri, Odisha became particularly significant within the tradition since about 800 CE. [118]:255 This quality of playfulness in Krishna is celebrated during festivals as Rasa-Lila and Janmashtami, where Hindus in some regions such as Maharashtra playfully mimic his legends, such as by making human gymnastic pyramids to break open handis (clay pots) hung high in the air to "steal" butter or buttermilk, spilling it all over the group. [8] The Bhagavata Purana in Book 11, chapter 31 states that after his death, Krishna returned to his transcendent abode directly because of his yogic concentration. [223][225] The mantra of the Upanishad thus helped bring Bhaktivedanta and ISKCON ideas about Krishna into the West. Two Puranas, the Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana, contain the most elaborate telling of Krishna's story,[84] but the life stories of Krishna in these and other texts vary, and contain significant inconsistencies. Several statues made according to these guidelines are in the collections of the Government Museum, Chennai. A new legend is included, wherein Krishna laments in uncontrollable sorrow when his son dies, and a Ghatapandita feigns madness to teach Krishna a lesson. [118]:253–261, Krishna legends then describe his return to Mathura. [208] A major collection of their works is the Divya Prabandham. [46], The Heliodorus Pillar, a stone pillar with a Brahmi script inscription was discovered by colonial era archaeologists in Besnagar (Vidisha, central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh). [4] Similarly, री (rī; र् + ई) is also transliterated to English in two different ways as ri and ree, although the latter is non-standard in Hindi. Trésor de monnaies indiennes et indo-grecques d'Aï Khanoum (Afghanistan). At Devaki's wedding, according to Puranic legends, Kamsa is told by fortune tellers that a child of Devaki would kill him. [215] The Pranami Sampradaya emerged in the 17th century in Gujarat, based on the Krishna-focussed syncretist Hindu-Islamic teachings of Devchandra Maharaj and his famous successor, Mahamati Prannath. [227] According to John Guy, the curator and director of Southeast Asian arts at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Krishna Govardhana art from 6th/7th-century Vietnam at Danang, and 7th-century Cambodia at Phnom Da cave in Angkor Borei, are some of the most sophisticated of this era. For other uses, see, "Krsna" redirects here. [188] Some scholars, as Friedhelm Hardy, do not define Krishnaism as a sub-order or offshoot of Vaishnavism, considering it a parallel and no less ancient current of Hinduism. [172][173][174] Bryant describes the synthesis of ideas in Bhagavata Purana as. The texts state, for example, that Krishna lifts the Govardhana hill to protect the inhabitants of Vrindavana from devastating rains and floods. [23], All Vaishnava traditions recognise Krishna as the eighth avatar of Vishnu; others identify Krishna with Vishnu, while Krishnaite traditions such as Gaudiya Vaishnavism,[189][190] Ekasarana Dharma, Mahanam Sampraday, Nimbarka Sampradaya and the Vallabha Sampradaya regard Krishna as the Svayam Bhagavan, the original form of Lord or the same as the concept of Brahman in Hinduism. The term is used in Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia as a polite form of address equivalent to the English "Mr." in written and spoken language, but also as a title of veneration for deities or as honorific title for local rulers. The most elaborate temple arts of Krishna are found in a series of Krsnayana reliefs in the Prambanan Hindu temple complex near Yogyakarta. [139] Krishna's life is closer to that of a human being in Harivamsa, but is a symbolic universe in the Bhagavata Purana, where Krishna is within the universe and beyond it, as well as the universe itself, always. Les monnaies indo-grecques. Peter Clarke (2005), Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements, Routledge. [citation needed]. Based on his name, Krishna is often depicted in idols as black- or blue-skinned. [249] The Vidhurapandita Jataka mentions Madhura (Sanskrit: Mathura), the Ghata Jataka mentions Kamsa, Devagabbha (Sk: Devaki), Upasagara or Vasudeva, Govaddhana (Sk: Govardhana), Baladeva (Balarama), and Kanha or Kesava (Sk: Krishna, Keshava). Shri Ganesh Stotram or Sankata Nashanam Ganapati Stotram is one of the most effective prayer to Lord Ganesha. Singing, dancing, and performing any part of Krishna Lila is an act of remembering the dharma in the text, as a form of para bhakti (supreme devotion). 1, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass. When Krishna is born, Vasudeva secretly carries the infant Krishna away across the Yamuna and exchanges him. For example, a large number of sculptures and icons have been found in the Si Thep and Klangnai sites in the Phetchabun region of northern Thailand. Barbara Holdrege (2015), Bhakti and Embodiment, Routledge, Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita, by Robert N. Minor in. In his commentary on Pāṇini's verse 3.1.26, he also uses the word Kamsavadha or the "killing of Kamsa", an important part of the legends surrounding Krishna. To save the world, Vasudeva-Krishna has to forsake the non-violence principle and kill the Prati-Vasudeva. [34] The name is also interpreted sometimes as "all-attractive". Maurice Winternitz (1981), History of Indian Literature, Vol. [118]:256, This Lila is a constant theme in the legends of Krishna's childhood and youth. [92][93] In some texts, his skin is poetically described as the color of Jambul (Jamun, a purple-colored fruit). [42] At one point in time, it is thought that the tribe of the Vrishnis fused with the tribe of the Yadavas, whose own hero-god was named Krishna. [164] Krishna theology is presented in a pure monism (advaita, called shuddhadvaita) framework by Vallabha Acharya, who was the founder of Pushti sect of vaishnavism. that Is why even today, we refer to them as Radha Krishna and not Krishna Radha. According to Jeffery D. Long, a professor of religion known for his publications on Jainism, this connection between Krishna and Neminatha has been a historic reason for Jains to accept, read, and cite the Bhagavad Gita as a spiritually important text, celebrate Krishna-related festivals, and intermingle with Hindus as spiritual cousins. Boehtlingk and Rien, p. 128, and Barnett's translation of the Antagada Dasāo, pp. According to Edwin Bryant, a professor of Indian religions known for his publications on Krishna, "there is little doubt that the Sourasenoi refers to the Shurasenas, a branch of the Yadu dynasty to which Krishna belonged". The Alvar Andal's popular collection of songs Tiruppavai, in which she conceives of herself as a gopi, is the most famous of the oldest works in this genre. [note 3], In contrast, according to mythologies in the Jain tradition, Krishna was a cousin of Neminatha. Shri is also another name for Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth, while a yantra or a mystical diagram popularly used to worship her is called Shri Yantra. Kamsa arranges to kill all of Devaki's children. [165][166] Madhusudana Sarasvati, an India philosopher,[167] presented Krishna theology in nondualism-monism framework (Advaita Vedanta), while Adi Shankara, who is credited for unifying and establishing the main currents of thought in Hinduism,[168][169][170] mentioned Krishna in his early eighth-century discussions on Panchayatana puja.[171]. His interaction with the gopis at the rasa dance or Rasa-lila is an example. Krishna's life is presented as a cosmic play (Lila), where his youth is set as a princely life with his foster father Nanda portrayed as a king. [122] According to Dennis Hudson, this is a metaphor where each of the eight wives signifies a different aspect of him. In Gaudiya tradition, it is the maha-mantra, or great mantra, about Krishna bhakti. ", While the Buddhist Jataka texts co-opt Krishna-Vasudeva and make him a student of the Buddha in his previous life,[255] the Hindu texts co-opt the Buddha and make him an avatar of Vishnu. Swaminarayan, the founder of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, also worshipped Krishna as God himself. [117], Krishna's childhood illustrates the Hindu concept of Lila, playing for fun and enjoyment and not for sport or gain. It is a form of bhakti yoga, one of three types of yoga discussed by Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita. [197] Thereafter, there was an amalgamation of various similar traditions. Shri (/ʃriː/;[1] Devanagari: श्री, ISO: Śrī, Sanskrit pronunciation: [ʃriː], Non-Sanskrit pronunciation: [sriː]), also transliterated as Shree, Sri, or Sree, is a Sanskrit term denoting wealth and prosperity, primarily used as an honorific.[1]. [57], A Mora stone slab found at the Mathura-Vrindavan archaeological site in Uttar Pradesh, held now in the Mathura Museum, has a Brahmi inscription. Every Name of Sri Vishnu has a meaning to it Vishnu Sahasranamam meaning in English - The birth of Sri Vishnu Sahasra Nama - The 1008 Names of Sri … [226], Krishna is found in Southeast Asian history and art, but to a far less extent than Shiva, Durga, Nandi, Agastya, and Buddha. [260], Baháʼís believe that Krishna was a "Manifestation of God", or one in a line of prophets who have revealed the Word of God progressively for a gradually maturing humanity. See Bhandarkar, Vaishnavism and Śaivism, p. Hemacandra Abhidhânacintâmani, Ed. In this way, Krishna shares an exalted station with Abraham, Moses, Zoroaster, Buddha, Muhammad, Jesus, the Báb, and the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, Bahá'u'lláh.[261][262]. Shri Sai Baba is revered as one of the greatest saints ever seen in India, endowed with unprecedented powers, and is worshipped as a God incarnate. [209][210][211], The movement originated in South India during the 7th CE, spreading northwards from Tamil Nadu through Karnataka and Maharashtra; by the 15th century, it was established in Bengal and northern India. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Usage in Indonesia however is less frequent as "Sri" is also the name of the ancient Javan rice goddess Dewi Sri. [138], The tenth and eleventh books of the Bhagavata Purana are widely considered to be a poetic masterpiece, full of imagination and metaphors, with no relation to the realism of pastoral life found in the Harivamsa. [97], In other icons, he is a part of battlefield scenes of the epic Mahabharata. [236], The Krishna stories have played a key role in the history of Indian theatre, music, and dance, particularly through the tradition of Rasaleela. Mathura is Shri Krishna Janma Bhoomi, meaning the place where Lord Krishna took birth. [240] Krisnattam (Krishnattam) traces its origins to Krishna legends, and is linked to another major classical Indian dance form called Kathakali. So says Vyasa in Mahabharata, Udyoga Parva 70, 5. [91] However, ancient and medieval reliefs and stone-based arts depict him in the natural color of the material out of which he is formed, both in India and in southeast Asia. Shri is also used as a title of the Hindu deities Rāma, Krishna, Saraswati and sometimes Durgā. Krishna plays his flute and the gopis come immediately, from whatever they were doing, to the banks of the Yamuna River and join him in singing and dancing. Also, in language and general usage, Shri, if used by itself and not followed by any name, refers to the supreme consciousness, i.e. [120] In one version of the Krishna story, as narrated by Shanta Rao, Krishna after Kamsa's death leads the Yadavas to the newly built city of Dwaraka. It ends on a triumphal note, not with the death of Krishna. These metaphor-filled love stories are known as the Rasa lila and were romanticized in the poetry of Jayadeva, author of the Gita Govinda. [77] The word Herakles, states Bryant, is likely a Greek phonetic equivalent of Hari-Krishna, as is Methora of Mathura, Kleisobora of Krishnapura, and the Jobares of Jamuna. [182][183] This Krishna dialogue has attracted numerous interpretations, from being a metaphor of inner human struggle teaching non-violence, to being a metaphor of outer human struggle teaching a rejection of quietism to persecution. [243][244], The story of Krishna's life in the Puranas of Jainism follows the same general outline as those in the Hindu texts, but in details, they are very different: they include Jain Tirthankaras as characters in the story, and generally are polemically critical of Krishna, unlike the versions found in the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, and the Vishnu Purana. A returned candidate in order to be guilty of a corrupt practice within the meaning of Section 123(7) of the 1951 Act must be guilty of any of the acts mentioned in the differ 98. Monier-Williams Dictionary gives the meaning of the root verb śrī as "to cook, boil, to burn, diffuse light", but as a feminine abstract noun, it has received a general meaning of "grace, splendour, beauty; wealth, affluence, prosperity".[2][3]. 285–301, Crowley associated Krishna with Roman god, International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "Reflections on the Relation Between Religion and Modern Rationalism", "Charisma and Religious Innovation:Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON", Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision), Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence, "Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence". [20] His iconography reflects these legends, and shows him in different stages of his life, such as an infant eating butter, a young boy playing a flute, a young boy with Radha or surrounded by women devotees, or a friendly charioteer giving counsel to Arjuna. [218], Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala states have many major Krishna temples, and Janmashtami is one of the widely celebrated festivals in South India. Krishna did not return to Vrindavan as he promised to his beloved but radha kept waiting. [37][38] Some names for Krishna hold regional importance; Jagannatha, found in Puri Hindu temple, is a popular incarnation in Odisha state and nearby regions of eastern India.[39][40][41]. [42] Around the 4th century CE, another tradition, the cult of Gopala-Krishna, the protector of cattle, was also absorbed into the Krishna tradition. [58][59][60], The inscriptional record for Vāsudeva starts in the 2nd century BCE with the coinage of Agathocles and the Heliodorus pillar, but the name of Krishna appears rather later in epigraphy. Alternatively, he is shown as a romantic young boy with the gopis (milkmaids), often making music or playing pranks. The Hare Krishna mantra, also referred to reverentially as the Maha Mantra “Great Mantra”. Benjamin E. Zeller (2010), Prophets and Protons, New York University Press. A year later in 1966, after gaining many followers, he was able to form the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), popularly known as the Hare Krishna movement. [220][221] Its chanting was known as hari-nama sankirtana. Additionally, the Krishna statue is a portrayal of divine love and devotion. [181], Other texts that include Krishna such as the Bhagavad Gita have attracted numerous bhasya (commentaries) in the Hindu traditions. Between the triads, Baladeva upholds the principle of non-violence, a central idea of Jainism. Meaning. [267] For instance, Édouard Schuré, an influential figure in perennial philosophy and occult movements, considered Krishna a Great Initiate, while Theosophists regard Krishna as an incarnation of Maitreya (one of the Masters of the Ancient Wisdom), the most important spiritual teacher for humanity along with Buddha. He is sometimes accompanied by cows or a calf, which symbolise the divine herdsman Govinda. The earliest works included those of the Alvar saints of the Tamil Nadu. In Devanagari script for Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi and other languages, the word ⟨श्री⟩ is combination of three sounds: श् (ś), र् (r) and ई (ī, long i). About TalktoAstro. The earliest surviving sculptures and reliefs are from the 6th and 7th century, and these include Vaishnavism iconography. There are two conventions in India to transliterate the syllable श (ISO: śa) (i.e., श् (ś) with the inherent vowel अ (a); श् (ś) + अ (a)) to English. [81][82], Many Puranas, mostly compiled during the Gupta period (4-5th century CE),[83] tell Krishna's life story or some highlights from it. [99][100], Alternate icons of Krishna show him as a baby (Bala Krishna, the child Krishna), a toddler crawling on his hands and knees, a dancing child, or an innocent-looking child playfully stealing or consuming butter (Makkan Chor),[66] holding Laddu in his hand (Laddu Gopal)[101][102] or as a cosmic infant sucking his toe while floating on a banyan leaf during the Pralaya (the cosmic dissolution) observed by sage Markandeya. [248], The story of Krishna occurs in the Jataka tales in Buddhism. [46][47] The deities displayed on the coins appear to be Saṃkarṣaṇa-Balarama with attributes consisting of the Gada mace and the plow, and Vāsudeva-Krishna with attributes of the Shankha (conch) and the Sudarshana Chakra wheel. A returned candidate is defined in Section 79(f) of the 1951 Act to mean a candidate whose name has been published under Section 67 of the 1951 Act as duly elected. [270][271], This article is about the Hindu deity. [227], Krishna iconography has also been found in Thailand, along with those of Surya and Vishnu. [33], The name "Krishna" originates from the Sanskrit word Kṛṣṇa, which is primarily an adjective meaning "black", "dark", "dark blue" or “the all attractive”. [19] They portray him in various perspectives: a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero, and as the universal supreme being. [4][5] Hence, in English, the spelling of this word श्री varies from Shri (the standard spelling) to Shree through Sri and Sree. The effort revealed the brick foundations of a much larger ancient elliptical temple complex with a sanctum, mandapas, and seven additional pillars. Vietnamese transcription of honorific name prefix used among the Cham ethnic minority. [185] However, the exact relationship between Krishna and Vishnu is complex and diverse,[186] with Krishna of Krishnaite sampradayas considered an independent deity and supreme. [245] For example, Krishna loses battles in the Jain versions, and his gopis and his clan of Yadavas die in a fire created by an ascetic named Dvaipayana. Rupa Goswami of Gaudiya Vaishnavism has compiled a comprehensive summary of bhakti called Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu. [23][24] Krishna-related literature has inspired numerous performance arts such as Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Odissi, and Manipuri dance. The honorific can also be applied to objects and concepts that are widely respected, such as the Sikh religious text, the Shri Guru Granth Sahib. Even those who could not physically be there join him through meditation. (...) The tenth book promotes Krishna as the highest absolute personal aspect of godhead – the personality behind the term Ishvara and the ultimate aspect of Brahman. [64] Krishna is central to many of the main stories of the epic. [232], The medieval era arts of Vietnam and Cambodia feature Krishna. Krishna forgives Jara and dies. The siblings of Krishna are not killed by Kamsa, though he tries. He is shown as a charioteer, notably when he is addressing the Pandava prince Arjuna character, symbolically reflecting the events that led to the Bhagavad Gita – a scripture of Hinduism. "Greater Krishnaism" corresponds to the second and dominant phase of Vaishnavism, revolving around the cults of the Vasudeva, Krishna, and Gopala of the late Vedic period. [258][259], Krishna is mentioned as Krishna Avtar in the Chaubis Avtar, a composition in Dasam Granth traditionally and historically attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. [6], Shri is also frequently used as an epithet of some mythologiacal Hindu gods, in which case it is often translated into English as Holy. [195] Today the faith has a significant following outside of India as well. These include ancient Bhagavatism, the cult of Gopala, of "Krishna Govinda" (cow-finding Krishna), of Balakrishna (baby Krishna) and of "Krishna Gopivallabha" (Krishna the lover). 454) polemically mention the devotees of Vâsudeva and Baladeva. This is used in modern vernacular as form of address Shrimati (abbreviated Smt) for married women, while Sushri, (with "su", "good", added to the beginning), can be used for women in general (regardless of marital status). [108], Krishna iconography forms an important element in the figural sculpture on 17th-19th century terracotta temples of Bengal. Krishna worship or reverence has been adopted by several new religious movements since the 19th century, and he is sometimes a member of an eclectic pantheon in occult texts, along with Greek, Buddhist, biblical, and even historical figures. [219], By 1965 the Krishna-bhakti movement had spread outside India after Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (as instructed by his guru, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura) traveled from his homeland in West Bengal to New York City. It is usually transliterated as Sri, Sree, Shri, Si, or Seri based on the local convention for transliteration. They are also central to the development of the Krishna bhakti traditions worshiping Radha Krishna. Spiritual leaders ( e.g 143 ] [ 12 ] gopis are considered as Lakshmi 's or Radha 's Krishna Archer. Shri Krishna of god Vishnu many temples, the date of Krishna 's children varies one..., consider Krishna as one of three types of yoga discussed by Krishna in a basket across the,... Or blue skin, like Vishnu, Si, or one with Vishnu himself Purana manuscripts also exist many. 'S birth is celebrated every year as Janmashtami [ 197 ] Thereafter, there was an amalgamation several! Two names appearing together in the figural sculpture on 17th-19th century terracotta temples of Bengal,..., Subhashree, Itishree, Jiteshree, and seven additional pillars names of,... His devotees and vision Sacred Sound: Discovering the Myth and meaning mantra... Grows up with Nanda and his siblings after they all get drunk ]. Sometimes, it has functioned as an shri krishna name meaning announced Kamsa 's father, carrying Krishna. Surviving sculptures and reliefs are from the 6th and 7th century, and Shree ranjani adolescence, and seven pillars... God himself and Protons, New York University Press rice goddess Dewi.. 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