[135] After Japanese troops entered the hospital they killed up to 50 soldiers, including some undergoing surgery. [103] Throughout the 10th, further fighting took place around along the Jurong Line, as orders were formulated to establish a secondary defensive line to the west of the Reformatory Road with troops not then employed in the Jurong Line; misinterpretation of these orders resulted in Taylor, the commander of the 22nd Brigade, prematurely withdrawing his troops to the east, where they were joined by a 200-strong ad hoc battalion of Australian reinforcements, known as 'X' Battalion. Intelligence gained in late 1940 – early 1941 did not alter that plan, but confirmed it in the minds of Japanese decision makers. The Japanese began an intensive bombing campaign supported by a strong continual artillery bombardment that saw much of southern Singapore reduced to rubble. 2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit, American-British-Dutch-Australian Command, Japanese order of battle during the Malayan Campaign, "War for the Empire: Malaya and Singapore, Dec 1941 to Feb 1942", "Viewpoint: Cover-ups and the Singapore Traitor Affair", "Soldier's account of Japanese World War Two massacre to be auctioned", "Lieutenant General Henry Gordon Bennett, CB, CMG, DSO", Bicycle Blitzkrieg – The Japanese Conquest of Malaya and Singapore 1941–1942, The diary of one British POW, Frederick George Pye of the Royal Engineers, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Singapore&oldid=985277936, Military history of Singapore during World War II, World War II operations and battles of the Southeast Asia Theatre, Battles of World War II involving Australia, Battles and operations of World War II involving India, Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom, Military history of India during World War II, Military history of Malaya during World War II, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 25 October 2020, at 01:25.
The defeat at Singapore was a devastating blow to Japanese military planning and morale. Narrow your search with advanced settings, such as Years (from/to), Fulltext, Publisher, etc. Battle of Sarimbun Beach. [66] The Australians requested the shelling of these positions to disrupt the Japanese preparations,[67] but the patrol reports were later ignored by Malaya Command as being insignificant,[68] based upon the belief that the real assault would come in the north-eastern sector, not the north-west. Hacq [...], dem Sir Francis Hamilton [...] gewidmet vom Verfasser [H. Berghaus]. One of a three-sheet series, Singapore Blakan Mati, MOD Misc 221. Map of the Province of Pattani. It is expected that every unit will be brought into close contact with the enemy and fight it out . He felt it was a disgrace. Occurring only six months after the surprise Japanese attack on American forces at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and a month before the decisive battle at Midway, it was one of the first naval battles fought in the [171] The other ethnic groups of Singapore—such as the Malays and Indians—were not spared. [60] The two Australian brigades were subsequently allocated a very wide frontage of over 18 kilometres (11 mi) and were separated by the Kranji River. [173][174], An Indian revolutionary, Rash Behari Bose, formed the pro-independence Indian National Army (INA) with the help of the Japanese, who were highly successful in recruiting Indian prisoners of war. [77] The initial fighting cost the Australians heavily, with one battalion alone, the 2/20th, losing 334 men killed and 214 wounded. British and Canadian machine-gun nests, which seemed to be around every corner and in every third window, began to pay a toll on the advancing Japanese.

Directorate of Military Survey. The fighting in Singapore lasted from 8 to 15 February 1942, after the two months during which Japanese forces had advanced down the Malayan Peninsula. Despite their numerical inferiority, they advanced down the Malayan Peninsula, overwhelming the defences. [122] With the Allies still losing ground, senior officers advised Percival to surrender in the interests of minimising civilian casualties. [15], The Japanese 25th Army invaded from Indochina, moving into northern Malaya and Thailand by amphibious assault on 8 December 1941. The Battle of Singapore, also known as the Fall of Singapore, was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the British stronghold of Singapore—nicknamed the "Gibraltar of the East". Japanese General Tomoyuki Yamashita, arrived on the front-lines himself to observe the delays. [143], In analysing the campaign, Clifford Kinvig, a senior lecturer at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, points the finger of blame at the commander of the 27th Brigade, Brigadier Duncan Maxwell, for his defeatist attitude[156] and not properly defending the sector between the Causeway and the Kranji River. Map with JOSM Remote; View. [106] This order was subsequently passed on to Bennett, who allocated the ad hoc Australian 'X' Battalion to the task.  [Note 5][44] Of this figure, 15,000 men were employed in logistical, administrative, or other non-combatant roles. [116] The effort was beaten back by fierce resistance from Imperial Guards troops and the 27th was subsequently split in half either side of the Bukit Timah Road with elements spread as far as the Pierce Reservoir. USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The fleet landed over 5 divisions worth of fresh, well equipped German troops on the coast under the command of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. Yamashita and his officers stationed themselves at Istana Bukit Serene and the Johor state secretariat building—the Sultan Ibrahim Building—to plan for the invasion of Singapore. Anderson's composite force of 2/19th Battalion, 2/29th Battalion and 45th Indian Brigade survivors were forced to leave behind about 110 Australian and 40 Indian wounded, who were later beaten, tortured and then murdered by the Japanese during the Parit Sulong Massacre;[32] Of over 3,000 men from these units only around 500 made it back to friendly lines. [141] Yamashita, the Japanese commander, laid the blame on the British "underestimating Japanese military capabilities", and Percival's hesitancy in reinforcing the Australians on the western side of the island. An effective ambush was carried out by the Australian 2/30th Battalion on the main road at the Gemenceh River near Gemas on 14 January, causing heavy Japanese casualties.
Crawfurd's Mission, Weimar : im Verlage des Geograph. Over the course of a day, they found large concentrations of troops, although they were unable to locate any landing craft. [25] In contrast, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force was more numerous and better trained than the second-hand assortment of untrained pilots and inferior allied equipment remaining in Malaya, Borneo and Singapore.  After a week of intense fighting, the British Lieutenant General Arthur E. Percival surrendered Singapore to the Japanese forces under the command of … [112] Nevertheless, Wavell subsequently told Percival that the ground forces were to fight on to the end, and that there should not be a general surrender in Singapore. London : War Office. Great Britain. [59], Percival incorrectly guessed that the Japanese would land forces on the north-east side of Singapore, ignoring advice that the north-west was a more likely direction of attack (where the Straits of Johor were the narrowest and a series of river mouths provided cover for the launching of water craft). These units reached Bennett around midday, and, shortly afterwards Percival allocated the composite 6th/15th Indian Infantry Brigade to reinforce Bennett's force to move from their position around the Singapore racecourse. [7][8] British prime minister, Winston Churchill, called it the "worst disaster" in British military history. , Share Thyer and C.H. Singapore was the major British military base in South-East Asia and was the key to British imperial interwar defence planning for South-East Asia and the South-West Pacific. Inter-service Topographical Dept. [24] Major shortcomings included a slow rate of climb and the aircraft's fuel system which required the pilot to hand pump fuel if flying above 6,000 feet (1,800 m). One of a three-sheet series, Singapore Blakan Mati, MOD Misc 221. RAF Kallang was the only operational airstrip left;[87] the surviving squadrons and aircraft had withdrawn by January to reinforce the Dutch East Indies. Early on 8 December 1941, Singapore was bombed for the first time by long-range Japanese aircraft, such as the Mitsubishi G3M2 "Nell" and the Mitsubishi G4M1 "Betty", based in Japanese-occupied Indochina. Famously, about 40,000 mostly Indian soldiers would join the Indian National Army and fight alongside the Japanese. [145], A deputation was selected to go to the Japanese headquarters. [28], Although more Allied units—including some from the Australian 8th Division[Note 3]—joined the campaign, the Japanese prevented the Allied forces from regrouping. On Singapore, the Japanese captured 300 field guns, 180 mortars, 100 anti-aircraft guns, 54 fortress guns, and 108 1-pounder guns, as well as 200 armoured vehicles (Universal Carriers and armoured cars) and 1,800 trucks.

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