The endosymbiotic theory is about the transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes — a different, much later stage in the history of life on earth. Thanks, 76.10.128.192 (talk) 03:25, 8 June 2015 (UTC), Casual reader here-- have noticed on the Planet Simulator page that the associated researchers have claimed to produce protocells in preliminary tests. important in the origins of life. Living Chemistry & A Natural History of Protocells. "Production of synthetic biology in science, media, film and art." [23] The conclusion is based mainly on the chemistry of modern cells, where the cytoplasm is rich in potassium, zinc, manganese, and phosphate ions, which are not widespread in marine environments.
[1] [2] A central question in evolution is how simple protocells first arose and how they could differ in reproductive output, thus enabling the accumulation of novel biological emergences over time, i.e. I would propose the following sentence instead, which is simpler and less likely to be misunderstood: "A central question in abiogenesis is how simple protocells first arose". Fuel Cells May Have Answers", "Battle of the Bubbles May Have Sparked Evolution", "Peptide glue may have held first protocell components together", "Electrostatic Localization of RNA to Protocell Membranes by Cationic Hydrophobic Peptides", "Researchers Build Model Protocell Capable of Copying DNA", "Clay's matchmaking could have sparked life", "Membraneless polyester microdroplets as primordial compartments at the origins of life", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, "ELSI scientists discover new chemistry that may help explain the origins of cellular life – Chemists find simplest organic molecules can self-assemble to give cell-like structures under early Earth conditions", "Nucleotide synthetase ribozymes may have emerged first in the RNA world", "Laboratory-scale evidence for lightning-mediated gene transfer in soil", "Gene transfer into mouse lyoma cells by electroporation in high electric fields", "Freeze-thaw cycles induce content exchange between cell-sized lipid vesicles", "Sustainable proliferation of liposomes compatible with inner RNA replication", "Scientists Create Artificial Cell Membranes", "A review of some experiments on the synthesis of 'Jeewanu, "Self-assembling amphiphilic molecules: Synthesis in simulated interstellar/precometary ices". A vesicle released from the cell is known as an extracellular vesicle. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates (including sugars), lipids, and proteins, which release energy when chemically combined with oxygen during cellular respiration. On the primitive Earth, numerous chemical reactions of organic compounds produced the ingredients of life. Proteins are adapted to high membrane fluidity environment of lipid bilayer with the presence of an annular lipid shell, consisting of lipid molecules bound tightly to surface of integral membrane proteins. Bilayers are particularly impermeable to ions, which allows cells to regulate salt concentrations and pH by transporting ions across their membranes using proteins called ion pumps. This creates a semi permeable vesicle from materials that are readily available in the environment.

A protocell (or protobiont) is a self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a stepping-stone toward the origin of life.

", "Living Chemistry & A "Natural History" of Protocells.

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