The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) mission reveals conditions as they existed in the early universe by measuring the properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation over the full sky. strong systematic error constraints. over about 70% of possible angles of attack; and a pixel near the ecliptic poles is provide fourfold redundancy in the data collected over a period of two years. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 3. The three most highly cited physics and astronomy papers published in the new millennium are WMAP scientific papers--- reflecting WMAP's enormous impact. Full analysis of the data is now complete.

Mpc−1. observe the ecliptic poles every day. The WMAP's detection of an early reionization excluded warm dark matter.[23]. ", "Stephen Hawking recently told New Scientist that WMAP's evidence for inflation was the most exciting development in physics during his career. pixel on the sky which is less desirable from the standpoint of systematic error The WMAP spacecraft's temperature is monitored with platinum resistance thermometers. The science goals of the WMAP broadly dictate that the relative Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature be measured accurately over the full sky with high angular … [10], The WMAP five-year data was combined with measurements from Type Ia supernova (SNe) and Baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). An orbit about the Sun-Earth L2 libration point that provides for a very stable thermal environment and near 100% observing efficiency since the Sun, Earth, and Moon are always behind the instrument's field of view. Mission extensions were granted in 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008 giving the spacecraft a total of 9 observing years, which ended August 2010[20] and in October 2010 the spacecraft was moved to a heliocentric "graveyard" orbit[14] outside L2, in which it orbits the Sun 14 times every 15 years. Maximizes azimuth symmetry of the beam response on the sky. They also make use of the 33 GHz observations for estimating cosmological parameters; previously only the 41 GHz and 61 GHz channels had been used. Das Alter des Universums wird auf 13,7 Milliarden Jahre geschätzt. After nine years of operations, WMAP was switched off in 2010, following the launch of the more advanced Planck spacecraft by European Space Agency in 2009. The avoidance of systematic measurement errors drove the design of WMAP: To address its key scientific questions, WMAP measures small variations in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. ", "All the arguments of the last few decades about the basic properties of the universe—its age, its expansion rate, its composition, its density—have been settled in one fell swoop. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. But the WMAP results have convinced me. observed from 100% of the possible azimuth orientations. [18] To improve subtraction of foreground signals from our Milky Way galaxy, the WMAP used five discrete radio frequency bands, from 23 GHz to 94 GHz. The WMAP was preceded by two missions to observe the CMB; (i) the Soviet RELIKT-1 that reported the upper-limit measurements of CMB anisotropies, and (ii) the U.S. COBE satellite that first reported large-scale CMB fluctuations. Mission Explanatory Supplement The WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) mission is designed to determine the geometry, content, and evolution of the universe via a 13 arcminute FWHM resolution full sky map of the temperature anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Observe a given pixel on as many different time scales as possible. The total payload mass is ~830 kg. For example, the largest angular-scale measurement, the quadrupole moment, is somewhat smaller than the Model would predict, but this discrepancy is not highly significant. …determined the universe to be 13.77 billion years old to within a half percent. The telescope's data are relayed daily via a 2 GHz transponder providing a 667 kbit/s downlink to a 70 m Deep Space Network telescope. For example, a Click on the link to scan pattern image to see the scan pattern superposed on a The other confirmation of major significance is of the total amount of matter/energy in the universe in the form of dark energy – 72.8% (within 1.6%) as non 'particle' background, and dark matter – 22.7% (within 1.4%) of non baryonic (sub-atomic) 'particle' energy. After being tested for two months, it was launched via Delta II 7425 rocket on June 30, 2001. The improvement in the results came from both having an extra 2 years of measurements (the data set runs between midnight on August 10, 2001 to midnight of August 9, 2006), as well as using improved data processing techniques and a better characterization of the instrument, most notably of the beam shapes. annulus, the beams will always see a substantial modulation due to the CMB dipole. As part of this release, claims for inconsistencies with the standard model were investigated. The mission was subsequently extended to collect additional flight data. There are 20 feeds, 10 in each direction, from which a radiometer collects a signal; the measure is the difference in the sky signal from opposite directions. provided strong confirmation of our basic picture of the universe and The WMAP (then MAP) mission was proposed to NASA in 1995 and selected in April 1996 as a MIDEX mission administered by the Explorers Program. It had a modest amount of dark matter, whatever that is. Note that because of the large size of the {\displaystyle n_{s}} WMAP ended the collection of science data on August 19th 2010. independent sample of the physics of the universe. The anisotropies then were used to measure the universe's geometry, content, and evolution; and to test the Big Bang model, and the cosmic inflation theory. ", - Science Watch/ The Hottest Research of 2011 by Christopher King ----The List, "Every astronomer will remember the moment he heard the results from WMAP. WMAP is a differential experiment: if you would like to know whether one piece of wood is longer than another, it is better to put the pieces directly next to each other than to measure them separately with a ruler. Three sets are given below; the first and second sets are WMAP data; the difference is the addition of spectral indices, predictions of some inflationary models.

They determined the thickness of the surface of last scattering to be 195±2 in redshift, or 118+3−2 kyr. The WMAP mission succeeded the COBE space mission and was the second medium-class (MIDEX) spacecraft in the NASA Explorers program. The choice of orbit, sky-scanning strategy and instrument/spacecraft design were driven by the goals … WMAP launches from Kennedy Space Center, June 30, 2001. The content of the universe currently consists of 4.628%±0.093% ordinary baryonic matter; 24.02%+0.88%−0.87% cold dark matter (CDM) that neither emits nor absorbs light; and 71.35%+0.95%−0.96% of dark energy in the form of a cosmological constant that accelerates the expansion of the universe.

To view the entire sky, without looking to the Sun, the WMAP traces a path around L2 in a Lissajous orbit ca. goal of cosmology is to determine the statistical properties of the universe, it is [18], The WMAP spacecraft arrived at the Kennedy Space Center on April 20, 2001. It had an overwhelming amount of dark energy, which is a strange beast. spectrum estimation procedures have shown that the strategy is more than adequate to

Since the spin and precession periods are However, in order As of October 2010, the WMAP spacecraft is derelict in a heliocentric graveyard orbit after 9 years of operations. Planck (auch Planck Surveyor genannt) war ein Mikrowellen-Weltraumteleskop der ESA zur Erforschung der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), originally known as the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), was an uncrewed spacecraft operating from 2001 to 2010 which measured temperature differences across the sky in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) – the radiant heat remaining from the Big Bang.

Some aspects of the data are statistically unusual for the Standard Model of Cosmology.

Scan a large fraction of the sky as rapidly as possible, consistent with reasonable requirements on the controlling hardware and the telemetry data rate. The content of this image tells us much about the fundamental structure of the universe. [19] The telescope also measured the CMB's E-mode polarization,[18] and foreground polarization. Scan each sky pixel through as many azimuth angles as possible for the reasons listed below. respectively. [22] The successor European Planck mission (operational 2009–2013) had a higher resolution and higher sensitivity than WMAP and observed in 9 frequency bands rather than WMAP's 5, allowing improved astrophysical foreground models. incommensurate, the combined motion will cause the observing beams to fill an annulus The 3-year WMAP data alone shows that the universe must have dark matter. cosmology -- the study of the properties of our universe as a whole. Results were computed both only using WMAP data, and also with a mix of parameter constraints from other instruments, including other CMB experiments (ACBAR, CBI and BOOMERANG), SDSS, the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, the Supernova Legacy Survey and constraints on the Hubble constant from the Hubble Space Telescope. : Karte). "WMAP wins the Fundamental Physics Award for detailed maps of the early universe that greatly improved our knowledge of the evolution of the cosmos and the fluctuations that seeded the formation of galaxies.".
Produces small pixel-pixel covariance at the beam separation scale. A scan strategy that rapidly covers the sky and allows for a comparison of many sky pixels on many time scales.

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