In 1997, she had the leading roles in both The Member of the Wedding (based on the novel by Carson McCullers) and Miss Evers' Boys (on HBO). Negli anni seguenti si divide tra cinema e televisione, interpreta la Dr.ssa Roxanne Turner nella serie A cuore aperto, è protagonista di Crooklyn di Spike Lee e nel 1996 interpreta Lily Sloane, l'assistente di Zefram Cochrane, in Star Trek - Primo contatto.
Crooklyn received very positive reviews from critics. It might be her 12th but experience only seems to make the process that much harder, a growing awareness that the system she’s a part of might not be something she truly believes in. Alfre Woodard was born on November 8, 1952 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the youngest of three children of Constance, a homemaker, and Marion H. Woodard, an interior designer. But Woodard and Hodge succeed in infusing even their tersest exchanges — a simple explanation of logistics, an expression of gratitude — with an almost subterranean depth of emotion. Alfre Ette Woodard (Tulsa, 8 novembre 1952) è un'attrice statunitense.
Only when the warden hears her name (“Bernadine!”) will she snap out of her trance, as though suddenly reminded that she is, in fact, a human being and not just a cog in the grinding machinery of death. Elsewhere. Alfre Woodard [ˈwʊdɑːrd] .mw-parser-output .prononciation>a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png")center left no-repeat;padding-left:15px;font-size:smaller}Écouter est une actrice et productrice afro-américaine, née le 8 novembre 1952 à Tulsa, dans l'Oklahoma (États-Unis). After her breakthrough role in the Off-Broadway play For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf (1977), she made her film debut in Remember My Name (1978). [94], Woodard is an activist for a wide spectrum of causes.
She has been named one of the most versatile and accomplished actors of her generation. Updated: December 12, 2019 When she goes out after work to drown her sorrows with a colleague (Richard Gunn), an ocean of repressed torment seems to come gushing out. SHO2 (580), Wed, Oct 28 She was named by her godmother, who claimed she saw a vision of Alfre's name written out in gold letters. [65][66] Amy Amatangelo of Boston Herald gave the premiere grade "C", stating that, "Alfre Woodard isn't given a lot to do as President Constance Payton in the premiere, but, unlike Heigl, she does have the gravitas for the role, and the show would be wise to use her more. It pulls us in deep, making us complicit in a strange, terrible intimacy that ultimately draws no distinction between the living and the dead. "[7] Her breakthrough role was in the Off-Broadway play For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf in 1977. Hodge’s performance, by contrast, emphasizes Anthony’s forceful humanity; he rages against the dying of the light behind bars, careening from wild optimism to soul-crushing defeat. She has been nominated once each for an Academy Award and Grammy Award and 18 times for an Emmy Award (winning four) and has also won a Golden Globe Award and three Screen Actors Guild Awards.
As the latter, Aldis Hodge is also excellent, at times heartbreakingly so, as he edges closer to his execution with the painful awareness that he’s leaving little behind. [51], In 2013, Woodard appeared in Steve McQueen's historical drama film 12 Years a Slave as Mistress Harriet Shaw, a formerly enslaved woman who has risen in the Southern caste system.
Bernadine isn’t empty; although she may have willed herself into an automaton-like stoicism, the guilt and doubt that have worn her down over the years are also testaments to her capacity for feeling. [61][62] The pilot was ordered to series in May 2014. [2] She has been nominated once each for an Academy Award and Grammy Award and 18 times for an Emmy Award (winning four) and has also won a Golden Globe Award and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. Elsewhere (1985-1987) kao Dr. Roxanne Turner; Extremities kao Patricia; Scrooged kao Grace Cooley; Grand Canyon kao Jane; Passion Fish kao Chantelle; The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag kao Attorney Ann Orkin But for now the state of affairs is rather mediocre. [79] She also co-starred opposite Michelle Monaghan in Saint Judy. California’s November election will feature 12 statewide ballot measures. [38] In next year, she appeared in the independent drama American Violet, playing the mother of a 24-year-old African-American woman wrongfully swept up in a drug raid. It' With Alfre Woodard & John Heard For Theatrical Release", "Here's Who Alfre Woodard Plays in 'Captain America: Civil War, "Could 'Captain America: Civil War' Include A 'Luke Cage' Character? [16] However, she did receive her first Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and won an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female.
Orange County under siege by wildfires; 2 firefighters gravely burned. [6] For The Piano Lesson (1995), a Hallmark Hall of Fame movie, she won her first Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie, as well as being nominated for another Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie. Woodard was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1986, and for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in 1988, for St. È sposata con lo scrittore Roderick M. Spencer e ha due figli adottivi, Mavis (1989) e Duncan (1993); inoltre è seguace della Chiesa Scientista nonché attivista per il Partito Democratico. [70], In 2015, Woodard was cast as a lead in the film adaptation of Sarah Weeks' young adult novel So B. Clemency’s end credits arrive with relief, not because we’re unengaged but because, unlike Bernadine, we’re finally allowed to breathe. None of the world’s troubles seem to have escaped her heavy-lidded gaze, and nary a flicker of a smile warms her hard-set features. What issues are on the ballot in California and Los Angeles County.
It directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal. In 2019, she received critical acclaim for her performance in the drama film Clemency. She trusts that it will require little stretch of the imagination, or even much in the way of empathy, for us to see him as the latest of countless men — many of them black — who have been railroaded by the criminal justice system for decades. Like Woodard, his dialogue is minimal and the film’s sparseness might frustrate some who find it all too muted, especially given the subject matter, but there’s a quiet yet righteous anger that’s impossible to ignore, especially in the crushing finale. 5:00 AM PDT Their kinship is couched in the usual procedural banalities, in the pressing issues of last meals and last rites. [17] In that same year, she had a comedic role in the fantasy film Heart and Souls opposite Robert Downey, Jr., for which she was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. There’s little room to breathe in writer-director Chinonye Chukwu’s constricting, devastating drama Clemency, an intentionally airless film processing a tough subject through an unusual viewpoint. Woodard made her professional theater debut in 1974 on Washington, D.C.'s Arena Stage. [11] From 1985 to 1986, she also was a regular cast member of the NBC medical drama, St. on
[5] She is the youngest of three children. Meet Maria Bakalova, the breakout Bulgarian actress who plays Borat’s daughter (and Rudy Giuliani’s interviewer) in the new ‘Borat’ sequel. She’s been down this road many times before, but time and experience haven’t numbed her to its horrors. The film around them does enough legwork and they prove distracting rather than affecting.
1952) je američka glumica.Bila je nominirana za Oscara i osvojila četiri nagrade Emmy, tri nagrade SAG i jedan Zlatni globus.. Filmografija. MPLEX (663). Cheerleaders au collège, elle se tourne ensuite vers le théâtre, puis l'étudie à l'Université de Boston dont elle est diplômée en 1974 [1], [2].
In 1997, she had the leading roles in both The Member of the Wedding (based on the novel by Carson McCullers) and Miss Evers' Boys (on HBO). Negli anni seguenti si divide tra cinema e televisione, interpreta la Dr.ssa Roxanne Turner nella serie A cuore aperto, è protagonista di Crooklyn di Spike Lee e nel 1996 interpreta Lily Sloane, l'assistente di Zefram Cochrane, in Star Trek - Primo contatto.
Crooklyn received very positive reviews from critics. It might be her 12th but experience only seems to make the process that much harder, a growing awareness that the system she’s a part of might not be something she truly believes in. Alfre Woodard was born on November 8, 1952 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the youngest of three children of Constance, a homemaker, and Marion H. Woodard, an interior designer. But Woodard and Hodge succeed in infusing even their tersest exchanges — a simple explanation of logistics, an expression of gratitude — with an almost subterranean depth of emotion. Alfre Ette Woodard (Tulsa, 8 novembre 1952) è un'attrice statunitense.
Only when the warden hears her name (“Bernadine!”) will she snap out of her trance, as though suddenly reminded that she is, in fact, a human being and not just a cog in the grinding machinery of death. Elsewhere. Alfre Woodard [ˈwʊdɑːrd] .mw-parser-output .prononciation>a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png")center left no-repeat;padding-left:15px;font-size:smaller}Écouter est une actrice et productrice afro-américaine, née le 8 novembre 1952 à Tulsa, dans l'Oklahoma (États-Unis). After her breakthrough role in the Off-Broadway play For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf (1977), she made her film debut in Remember My Name (1978). [94], Woodard is an activist for a wide spectrum of causes.
She has been named one of the most versatile and accomplished actors of her generation. Updated: December 12, 2019 When she goes out after work to drown her sorrows with a colleague (Richard Gunn), an ocean of repressed torment seems to come gushing out. SHO2 (580), Wed, Oct 28 She was named by her godmother, who claimed she saw a vision of Alfre's name written out in gold letters. [65][66] Amy Amatangelo of Boston Herald gave the premiere grade "C", stating that, "Alfre Woodard isn't given a lot to do as President Constance Payton in the premiere, but, unlike Heigl, she does have the gravitas for the role, and the show would be wise to use her more. It pulls us in deep, making us complicit in a strange, terrible intimacy that ultimately draws no distinction between the living and the dead. "[7] Her breakthrough role was in the Off-Broadway play For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf in 1977. Hodge’s performance, by contrast, emphasizes Anthony’s forceful humanity; he rages against the dying of the light behind bars, careening from wild optimism to soul-crushing defeat. She has been nominated once each for an Academy Award and Grammy Award and 18 times for an Emmy Award (winning four) and has also won a Golden Globe Award and three Screen Actors Guild Awards.
As the latter, Aldis Hodge is also excellent, at times heartbreakingly so, as he edges closer to his execution with the painful awareness that he’s leaving little behind. [51], In 2013, Woodard appeared in Steve McQueen's historical drama film 12 Years a Slave as Mistress Harriet Shaw, a formerly enslaved woman who has risen in the Southern caste system.
Bernadine isn’t empty; although she may have willed herself into an automaton-like stoicism, the guilt and doubt that have worn her down over the years are also testaments to her capacity for feeling. [61][62] The pilot was ordered to series in May 2014. [2] She has been nominated once each for an Academy Award and Grammy Award and 18 times for an Emmy Award (winning four) and has also won a Golden Globe Award and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. Elsewhere (1985-1987) kao Dr. Roxanne Turner; Extremities kao Patricia; Scrooged kao Grace Cooley; Grand Canyon kao Jane; Passion Fish kao Chantelle; The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag kao Attorney Ann Orkin But for now the state of affairs is rather mediocre. [79] She also co-starred opposite Michelle Monaghan in Saint Judy. California’s November election will feature 12 statewide ballot measures. [38] In next year, she appeared in the independent drama American Violet, playing the mother of a 24-year-old African-American woman wrongfully swept up in a drug raid. It' With Alfre Woodard & John Heard For Theatrical Release", "Here's Who Alfre Woodard Plays in 'Captain America: Civil War, "Could 'Captain America: Civil War' Include A 'Luke Cage' Character? [16] However, she did receive her first Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and won an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female.
Orange County under siege by wildfires; 2 firefighters gravely burned. [6] For The Piano Lesson (1995), a Hallmark Hall of Fame movie, she won her first Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie, as well as being nominated for another Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie. Woodard was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1986, and for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in 1988, for St. È sposata con lo scrittore Roderick M. Spencer e ha due figli adottivi, Mavis (1989) e Duncan (1993); inoltre è seguace della Chiesa Scientista nonché attivista per il Partito Democratico. [70], In 2015, Woodard was cast as a lead in the film adaptation of Sarah Weeks' young adult novel So B. Clemency’s end credits arrive with relief, not because we’re unengaged but because, unlike Bernadine, we’re finally allowed to breathe. None of the world’s troubles seem to have escaped her heavy-lidded gaze, and nary a flicker of a smile warms her hard-set features. What issues are on the ballot in California and Los Angeles County.
It directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal. In 2019, she received critical acclaim for her performance in the drama film Clemency. She trusts that it will require little stretch of the imagination, or even much in the way of empathy, for us to see him as the latest of countless men — many of them black — who have been railroaded by the criminal justice system for decades. Like Woodard, his dialogue is minimal and the film’s sparseness might frustrate some who find it all too muted, especially given the subject matter, but there’s a quiet yet righteous anger that’s impossible to ignore, especially in the crushing finale. 5:00 AM PDT Their kinship is couched in the usual procedural banalities, in the pressing issues of last meals and last rites. [17] In that same year, she had a comedic role in the fantasy film Heart and Souls opposite Robert Downey, Jr., for which she was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. There’s little room to breathe in writer-director Chinonye Chukwu’s constricting, devastating drama Clemency, an intentionally airless film processing a tough subject through an unusual viewpoint. Woodard made her professional theater debut in 1974 on Washington, D.C.'s Arena Stage. [11] From 1985 to 1986, she also was a regular cast member of the NBC medical drama, St. on
[5] She is the youngest of three children. Meet Maria Bakalova, the breakout Bulgarian actress who plays Borat’s daughter (and Rudy Giuliani’s interviewer) in the new ‘Borat’ sequel. She’s been down this road many times before, but time and experience haven’t numbed her to its horrors. The film around them does enough legwork and they prove distracting rather than affecting.
1952) je američka glumica.Bila je nominirana za Oscara i osvojila četiri nagrade Emmy, tri nagrade SAG i jedan Zlatni globus.. Filmografija. MPLEX (663). Cheerleaders au collège, elle se tourne ensuite vers le théâtre, puis l'étudie à l'Université de Boston dont elle est diplômée en 1974 [1], [2].
[vc_row css=".vc_custom_1522215636001{padding-top: 50px !important;}"][vc_column][vc_column_text] PARTIES BY DYLAN & COMPANY OUR BIGGEST FANS ARE UNDER FIVE! [/vc_column_text][vc_separator color="custom" el_width="30" accent_color="#4a2f92"][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text el_class="sep-reduce"]
There’s also an unspoken awareness that Bernadine is a woman working in a male-dominated workplace, one that’s tougher than most, and she knows that any shred of visible emotion would be seen by those around her as feminine weakness, a harsher judgement she’s also unable to escape.
That ‘Borat’ babysitter had no idea the film was satire.
She spent several weeks watching news clips and listening to tapes of Winnie to match her accent. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?)
[88][87] Also that year, Woodard began starring opposite Jason Momoa in the Apple TV+ original fantasy drama series See, a series set in a future in which the human race has lost the sense of sight. You might also flash back on men like Walter McMillian, who served six years on Alabama’s death row before a court in 1993 overturned his murder conviction; his story is told in “Just Mercy,” a slicker, more inspirational death-row drama that is also opening this week in theaters. In 1987, Woodard played the role of South African Activist Winnie Mandela in the HBO film Mandela. on Our protagonist is prison warden Bernadine (Alfre Woodard), first seen as she prepares for an execution, methodically going through her mental checklist with calm professionalism while keeping emotions at bay.
The humanity of the condemned — those who await death behind bars and those who are there to guide them through it — is of crucial importance to this spare, somber drama, which won the grand jury prize for U.S. narrative films at Sundance this year. But there’s a cost to this repression and we see it in her home life, which feels every bit as claustrophobic as the prison, making us question exactly which of the two provides her with more of an escape. Recap: This Is How It's Done with Alfre Woodard", "MUST-SEE: The Most Stunning Fashion Ad We've Ever Seen! Review: ‘The Craft: Legacy’ conjures the right elements but loses the magic in the end. On television, Woodard guest-starred in two episodes of The Practice in 2003, for which she won her fourth Primetime Emmy Award. Cheerleaders au collège, elle se tourne ensuite vers le théâtre, puis l'étudie à l'Université de Boston dont elle est diplômée en 1974[1],[2]. [9][29] In 2005, she joined the cast of the ABC comedy-drama series, Desperate Housewives as Betty Applewhite, the new mystery housewife.
In 1997, she had the leading roles in both The Member of the Wedding (based on the novel by Carson McCullers) and Miss Evers' Boys (on HBO). Negli anni seguenti si divide tra cinema e televisione, interpreta la Dr.ssa Roxanne Turner nella serie A cuore aperto, è protagonista di Crooklyn di Spike Lee e nel 1996 interpreta Lily Sloane, l'assistente di Zefram Cochrane, in Star Trek - Primo contatto.
Crooklyn received very positive reviews from critics. It might be her 12th but experience only seems to make the process that much harder, a growing awareness that the system she’s a part of might not be something she truly believes in. Alfre Woodard was born on November 8, 1952 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the youngest of three children of Constance, a homemaker, and Marion H. Woodard, an interior designer. But Woodard and Hodge succeed in infusing even their tersest exchanges — a simple explanation of logistics, an expression of gratitude — with an almost subterranean depth of emotion. Alfre Ette Woodard (Tulsa, 8 novembre 1952) è un'attrice statunitense.
Only when the warden hears her name (“Bernadine!”) will she snap out of her trance, as though suddenly reminded that she is, in fact, a human being and not just a cog in the grinding machinery of death. Elsewhere. Alfre Woodard [ˈwʊdɑːrd] .mw-parser-output .prononciation>a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png")center left no-repeat;padding-left:15px;font-size:smaller}Écouter est une actrice et productrice afro-américaine, née le 8 novembre 1952 à Tulsa, dans l'Oklahoma (États-Unis). After her breakthrough role in the Off-Broadway play For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf (1977), she made her film debut in Remember My Name (1978). [94], Woodard is an activist for a wide spectrum of causes.
She has been named one of the most versatile and accomplished actors of her generation. Updated: December 12, 2019 When she goes out after work to drown her sorrows with a colleague (Richard Gunn), an ocean of repressed torment seems to come gushing out. SHO2 (580), Wed, Oct 28 She was named by her godmother, who claimed she saw a vision of Alfre's name written out in gold letters. [65][66] Amy Amatangelo of Boston Herald gave the premiere grade "C", stating that, "Alfre Woodard isn't given a lot to do as President Constance Payton in the premiere, but, unlike Heigl, she does have the gravitas for the role, and the show would be wise to use her more. It pulls us in deep, making us complicit in a strange, terrible intimacy that ultimately draws no distinction between the living and the dead. "[7] Her breakthrough role was in the Off-Broadway play For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf in 1977. Hodge’s performance, by contrast, emphasizes Anthony’s forceful humanity; he rages against the dying of the light behind bars, careening from wild optimism to soul-crushing defeat. She has been nominated once each for an Academy Award and Grammy Award and 18 times for an Emmy Award (winning four) and has also won a Golden Globe Award and three Screen Actors Guild Awards.
As the latter, Aldis Hodge is also excellent, at times heartbreakingly so, as he edges closer to his execution with the painful awareness that he’s leaving little behind. [51], In 2013, Woodard appeared in Steve McQueen's historical drama film 12 Years a Slave as Mistress Harriet Shaw, a formerly enslaved woman who has risen in the Southern caste system.
Bernadine isn’t empty; although she may have willed herself into an automaton-like stoicism, the guilt and doubt that have worn her down over the years are also testaments to her capacity for feeling. [61][62] The pilot was ordered to series in May 2014. [2] She has been nominated once each for an Academy Award and Grammy Award and 18 times for an Emmy Award (winning four) and has also won a Golden Globe Award and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. Elsewhere (1985-1987) kao Dr. Roxanne Turner; Extremities kao Patricia; Scrooged kao Grace Cooley; Grand Canyon kao Jane; Passion Fish kao Chantelle; The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag kao Attorney Ann Orkin But for now the state of affairs is rather mediocre. [79] She also co-starred opposite Michelle Monaghan in Saint Judy. California’s November election will feature 12 statewide ballot measures. [38] In next year, she appeared in the independent drama American Violet, playing the mother of a 24-year-old African-American woman wrongfully swept up in a drug raid. It' With Alfre Woodard & John Heard For Theatrical Release", "Here's Who Alfre Woodard Plays in 'Captain America: Civil War, "Could 'Captain America: Civil War' Include A 'Luke Cage' Character? [16] However, she did receive her first Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and won an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female.
Orange County under siege by wildfires; 2 firefighters gravely burned. [6] For The Piano Lesson (1995), a Hallmark Hall of Fame movie, she won her first Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie, as well as being nominated for another Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie. Woodard was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1986, and for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in 1988, for St. È sposata con lo scrittore Roderick M. Spencer e ha due figli adottivi, Mavis (1989) e Duncan (1993); inoltre è seguace della Chiesa Scientista nonché attivista per il Partito Democratico. [70], In 2015, Woodard was cast as a lead in the film adaptation of Sarah Weeks' young adult novel So B. Clemency’s end credits arrive with relief, not because we’re unengaged but because, unlike Bernadine, we’re finally allowed to breathe. None of the world’s troubles seem to have escaped her heavy-lidded gaze, and nary a flicker of a smile warms her hard-set features. What issues are on the ballot in California and Los Angeles County.
It directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal. In 2019, she received critical acclaim for her performance in the drama film Clemency. She trusts that it will require little stretch of the imagination, or even much in the way of empathy, for us to see him as the latest of countless men — many of them black — who have been railroaded by the criminal justice system for decades. Like Woodard, his dialogue is minimal and the film’s sparseness might frustrate some who find it all too muted, especially given the subject matter, but there’s a quiet yet righteous anger that’s impossible to ignore, especially in the crushing finale. 5:00 AM PDT Their kinship is couched in the usual procedural banalities, in the pressing issues of last meals and last rites. [17] In that same year, she had a comedic role in the fantasy film Heart and Souls opposite Robert Downey, Jr., for which she was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. There’s little room to breathe in writer-director Chinonye Chukwu’s constricting, devastating drama Clemency, an intentionally airless film processing a tough subject through an unusual viewpoint. Woodard made her professional theater debut in 1974 on Washington, D.C.'s Arena Stage. [11] From 1985 to 1986, she also was a regular cast member of the NBC medical drama, St. on
[5] She is the youngest of three children. Meet Maria Bakalova, the breakout Bulgarian actress who plays Borat’s daughter (and Rudy Giuliani’s interviewer) in the new ‘Borat’ sequel. She’s been down this road many times before, but time and experience haven’t numbed her to its horrors. The film around them does enough legwork and they prove distracting rather than affecting.
1952) je američka glumica.Bila je nominirana za Oscara i osvojila četiri nagrade Emmy, tri nagrade SAG i jedan Zlatni globus.. Filmografija. MPLEX (663). Cheerleaders au collège, elle se tourne ensuite vers le théâtre, puis l'étudie à l'Université de Boston dont elle est diplômée en 1974 [1], [2].
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