-2.624 7.237 -2.198 7.835 -2.016 8.305 c 0 3.855 l -3.435 1.185 -3.696 0.672 -3.76 0 c -2.363 -0.523 -2.368 -1.11 -2.368 -2.208 c f 0.288 5.312 l -4.204 1.161 -3.266 2.101 -2.104 2.101 c -5.504 -2.624 -6.385 -2.411 -7.152 -1.984 c -4.571 -3.26 -4.928 -2.363 -4.928 -1.328 c f -1.328 -5.024 -1.557 -5.109 -1.696 -5.248 c 0 8.069 -0.192 8.32 -0.576 8.32 c h -4.069 -1.824 -4.976 -0.571 -4.976 1.936 c -4.907 5.525 -4.928 5.302 -4.928 5.088 c h h -4.431 -8.372 l 0 0 m The structure of the text and sentences in it (line breaks, punctuation marks, etc.) The sound values of modified Latin letters can often be derived from those of the original letters. -0.302 -3.491 -1.275 -3.77 -2.544 -3.696 c -1.451 1.362 -1.544 1.589 -1.544 1.856 c -4.992 0.159 l -7.952 0 l 1.344 9.296 l -7.937 -6.976 l q 1 1 1 1 k -0.736 -0.353 -0.96 -0.107 -1.056 0.384 c -0.063 -6.832 l -4.656 0.48 l -37.712 0 l 0 -0.672 l -2.56 -6.176 l -2.016 0.229 -1.931 -0.021 -1.76 -0.191 c S -3.76 -0.527 l -1.603 5.206 -1.376 5.131 -1.152 5.056 c 0.25 w f 0 0 m -2.709 -0.704 -2.213 -1.024 -1.584 -1.024 c 0 -1.159 -0.94 -2.102 -2.102 -2.102 c Q -4.059 2.404 -3.736 2.848 -3.264 3.216 c -2.432 0 l q -0.917 0.479 -1.291 0.336 -1.664 0.048 c Q -3.435 1.184 -3.696 0.672 -3.76 0 c Q -3.536 0 l -1.451 1.362 -1.544 1.589 -1.544 1.856 c 1 0 0 1 145.5883942 154.6201019 cm -5.798 6.822 -5.974 6.896 -6.24 6.896 c -0.64 2.271 l 3.515 -3.552 3.696 -3.733 3.696 -4.096 c -0.747 -1.36 -1.568 -1.808 -2.465 -1.808 c The only known vowels that cannot be represented in this scheme are vowels with unexpected roundedness, which would require a dedicated diacritic, such as protruded ⟨ʏʷ⟩ and compressed ⟨uᵝ⟩ (or ⟨ɪʷ⟩ and ⟨ɯᶹ⟩). -0.849 5.22 -1.412 4.976 -1.956 4.488 c A chart of IPA numbers can be found on the IPA website. -2.304 -6.849 -2.004 -7.093 -1.404 -7.093 c Q 0.128 -7.232 l -4.352 -0.96 -4.645 -1.205 -4.816 -1.696 c -2.763 -1.483 -2.565 -1.521 -2.16 -1.521 c -0.736 -0.353 -0.96 -0.107 -1.056 0.384 c h 0 0 m -2.384 5.765 -2.496 6.035 -2.72 6.232 c -5.557 -1.76 -6.194 -2.069 -6.712 -2.688 c -2.384 -3.568 l -2.384 5.424 l 1 0 0 1 547.9902039 425.5204926 cm Q [71] The raising and lowering diacritics have optional forms ⟨˔⟩, ⟨˕⟩ that avoid descenders. IPA symbols are composed of one or more elements of two basic types, letters and diacritics. -3.622 4.515 -3.744 4.262 -3.744 3.952 c f 0 0.288 l -1.632 -0.341 -1.478 -0.416 -1.296 -0.416 c -6.672 9.184 l -7.024 0.16 l -8.182 -1.888 -7.938 -2.064 -7.752 -2.416 c 0.25 w 10 M [86] An example in French, with a single stress mark for normal prosodic stress at the end of each prosodic unit (marked as a minor prosodic break), and a double stress mark for contrastive/emphatic stress: [ˈˈɑ̃ːˈtre | məˈsjø ‖ ˈˈvwala maˈdam ‖] Entrez monsieur, voilà madame. 1 1 1 1 k -9.816 -7.653 -12.649 -4.227 -12.649 0 c -2.016 -0.208 -2.368 -0.582 -2.784 -1.328 c -3.248 -6.016 l -0.811 -0.528 -1.019 -0.438 -1.2 -0.256 c Marginal in most accents, and otherwise merged with, This common English interjection is usually pronounced with, In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special, Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. 1.344 -0.347 1.418 -0.544 1.568 -0.608 c ( )Tj ( )Tj 0 0 m -13.164 3.635 -10.215 6.582 -6.582 6.582 c -2.576 1.28 l q 1 1 1 1 k -4.778 4.127 -4.875 4.121 -4.992 4.111 c 0 2.896 l (-short)Tj -1.904 9.088 -2.08 9.194 -2.145 9.408 c IPA Chart With Sounds. -0.804 -1.885 l 3 0 obj 1 0 0 1 197.7079926 373.535202 cm -4.934 4.06 -4.728 4.557 -4.314 4.958 c -0.334 0.768 -0.496 0.893 -0.688 0.984 c 0.875 0.996 m -4.205 1.161 -3.268 2.101 -2.102 2.101 c 0 3.951 l -0.291 -1.146 -0.043 -0.629 0 0 c q 1 0 0 1 273.5312958 191.8213043 cm the /ʷ.../ and /ʲ.../ transcriptions in Eszter Ernst-Kurdi (2017), For example, the single and double pipe symbols are used for prosodic breaks. -3.189 -2.48 -3.918 -2.195 -4.488 -1.624 c Q 0 0 m -6 3.408 l -0.664 0.04 -1.014 -0.088 -1.045 -0.384 c -1.25 -1.27 -1.12 -0.992 -1.12 -0.64 c -0.063 -8.864 l -9.479 -6.106 -12.215 -3.372 -12.215 0 c -0.614 1.125 -0.277 0.688 0 0.176 c -0.971 1.818 -1.339 1.951 -1.776 1.951 c 271.8 708.96 40.92 14.22 re -5.707 1.142 -5.451 2.027 -4.896 2.656 c 0.101 -4.784 -0.8 -5.312 -2.016 -5.312 c -0.0002 Tc 0.0004 Tw 8.52 0 0 8.52 432.96 187.56 Tm q q q -2.555 -3.28 -3.03 -3.067 -3.456 -2.64 c -1.656 -8.307 -1.515 -8.432 -1.376 -8.432 c -4.288 1.365 -4.208 1.111 -4.048 0.969 c 1.312 -0.224 m 0 0 m -2.262 0.594 -2.082 0.756 -1.926 0.828 c -3.328 0 l -0.261 -3.078 -1.104 -3.44 -2.128 -3.44 c -3.104 -5.792 l 0 8.069 -0.192 8.32 -0.576 8.32 c q 1.855 5.808 l 1.344 -0.347 1.418 -0.544 1.568 -0.608 c 1 0 0 1 434.4951019 425.5225067 cm -3.424 0 l -0.101 0.403 0 0.216 0 0 c -6.24 -0.976 l -7.712 0.24 l -4.107 3.435 -4.454 3.05 -4.688 2.592 c 2.603 4.795 2.475 4.758 2.368 4.704 c -5.521 1.6 l Q -1.835 5.359 -1.342 5.242 -0.888 5.008 c -0.4 -0.707 -0.587 -0.784 -0.8 -0.784 c -4.405 -1.728 -4.496 -1.829 -4.496 -2.032 c 1.344 1.6 l Several nasal consonants are based on the form ⟨, (Parentheses) are used for indistinguishable. q -1.072 -3.056 l q -1.451 1.362 -1.544 1.589 -1.544 1.856 c 1 1 1 1 k 0.25 w -4.416 0.235 -4.336 0.433 -4.176 0.593 c 0 0 m -5.648 -6.48 l -3.542 -5.115 -3.771 -5.024 -4.112 -4.992 c 1 0 0 1 143.2920074 67.9687958 cm -16.91 4.669 -13.123 8.455 -8.455 8.455 c 0 0 m -3.664 4.832 l 0 7.568 l -3.2 0 l -2.571 -2.16 -2.896 -2.088 -3.312 -1.943 c -2.336 10.09 -2.769 10.432 -3.44 10.432 c -7.712 6.592 l 0.0028 Tc -0.0034 Tw 7.5 0 0 7.5 80.22 355.68 Tm Q -4.16 0.944 l -1.683 -0.352 -1.523 -0.429 -1.336 -0.429 c q q -1.456 2.575 l -7.904 8.688 l -3.36 5.584 l -6.838 6.309 -7.014 6.384 -7.28 6.384 c -1.525 3.456 -1.766 3.648 -1.775 4.032 c -2.709 -0.703 -2.213 -1.023 -1.584 -1.023 c ( )Tj -3.758 6.093 -3.888 5.328 -3.888 4.24 c -4.521 -2.992 -4.396 -3.46 -4.141 -3.947 c The choice of IPA letters may reflect theoretical claims of how speakers conceptualize sounds as phonemes, or they may be merely a convenience for typesetting. -3.344 2.744 -3.199 2.8 -3.04 2.8 c -0.981 9.024 -1.205 9.083 -1.439 9.2 c [(V)5(e)-1(lari)9(ze)7(d or p)7(h)-1(ar)10(yn)7(gea)7(liz)7(ed)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 8.52 0 0 8.52 414.84 339.72 Tm -1.408 -3.947 -1.6 -3.696 -1.984 -3.696 c h h -6.192 -1.937 -6.123 -1.771 -5.984 -1.632 c -1.464 0.396 -1.743 0.216 -2.025 -0.145 c -1.619 1.92 -1.813 1.952 -1.984 1.952 c 0 0 m -2 -0.218 -1.925 -0.437 -1.776 -0.64 c -3.84 8.976 l -3.456 -7.12 l 0 0 m 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.98 0 0 7.98 173.04 371.64 Tm -0.054 0.693 -0.277 1.211 -0.672 1.551 c -2.714 4.223 -3.093 4.016 -3.456 3.6 c [(Ve)-4(la)-4(r)]TJ -1.808 -9.84 -1.408 -9.515 -1.408 -8.864 c -3.296 5.984 l 0 0 m -15.343 4.236 -11.906 7.672 -7.671 7.672 c -4.896 -3.914 -4.84 -3.746 -4.728 -3.592 c For an explanation of IPA, see the International Phonetic Alphabet article on Wikipedia.. -4.553 -0.859 -4.229 -1.243 -3.792 -1.552 c -2.454 3.749 -1.969 3.866 -1.425 3.888 c -9.057 3.522 -8.773 3.424 -8.433 3.424 c -6.031 2.744 -5.888 2.8 -5.728 2.8 c f -2.624 7.237 -2.198 7.835 -2.016 8.305 c 0 0 m f -4.814 0.48 l S 0 2.72 l 1 0 0 1 419.8769989 696.2118988 cm -4.069 -1.824 -4.976 -0.571 -4.976 1.936 c q -7.034 8.976 -7.552 8.448 -7.552 7.392 c -1.76 2.56 -1.567 2.854 -1.567 3.216 c 0 -0.448 -0.453 -0.672 -1.36 -0.672 c -4.4 -6.527 l -0.581 3.029 -0.074 3.179 0 3.2 c 0 2.112 l h -0.416 6.128 l Q -4.704 0.977 l 0 0 0 0 k -5.783 4.944 l 0 0.217 l -6.991 0.24 -6.709 0.565 -6.464 1.216 c 0 0 0 1 K 0.581 4.24 1.488 2.986 1.488 0.48 c q 0 0 m -2.496 1.904 l In speech pathology, capital letters represent indeterminate sounds, and may be superscripted to indicate they are weakly articulated: e.g. Q -1.162 5.521 -0.501 5.302 0 4.864 c -3.499 4.851 -2.219 5.36 -0.672 5.36 c ( )Tj [(Bilabi)9(al)]TJ 0 0 m Q q 1.141 -3.014 1.477 -2.666 1.616 -2.336 c -1.632 2.283 -1.36 2.752 -0.816 3.008 c -3.141 4.896 -3.58 4.652 -3.996 4.164 c Q -2.225 1.951 -2.624 1.813 -2.977 1.535 c -0.182 0.64 0.021 0.362 0 0 c 1 0 0 1 63.1840973 166.976593 cm /Layer /MC9 BDC -5.328 4.224 l -1.36 1.216 l -1.536 3.76 m -0.011 2.96 -0.019 3.037 -0.024 3.128 c -4.571 -0.811 -4.592 -1.035 -4.592 -1.248 c -4.656 0.48 l -0.336 2.779 0.128 2.005 0.128 0.992 c q -3.696 11.12 l -0.971 1.818 -1.339 1.951 -1.776 1.951 c -2.79 -3.44 -3.381 -3.354 -3.904 -3.184 c -5.392 0.144 -5.162 -0.352 -4.704 -0.608 c -0.944 0.565 -0.491 0.24 0 0.24 c -0.353 0.518 -0.411 0.443 -0.464 0.368 c q -4.352 0 -4.672 -0.187 -4.672 -0.56 c -0.619 -0.832 -1.318 -1.248 -2.096 -1.248 c 1 0 0 1 63.1840973 689.4248047 cm Q -2.016 0.24 l -3.536 0.64 l Several systems have been developed that map the IPA symbols to ASCII characters. To view the chart, and/or hear the sounds associated with each symbol, please go to our IPA chart with sounds. -2.528 0.416 -2.381 0.776 -2.088 1.08 c 1 0 0 1 425.3222961 97.0850067 cm [(T)5(ONE)7(S A)9(ND )7(W)10(O)-1(R)8(D)-1( AC)8(CE)7(NT)5(S)9( )]TJ Q -0.277 4.763 -0.806 5.216 -1.584 5.216 c 2.384 -0.912 m h -0.56 -0.816 -0.669 -0.765 -0.76 -0.664 c 2.555 8.533 2.373 8.629 2.064 8.64 c -3.76 -0.528 l 0.877 0.204 0.613 -0.47 0.084 -1.025 c -4.288 4.699 -4.368 4.952 -4.528 5.096 c 0 0 m 1.888 -2.512 m -2.576 1.168 l -5.504 4.08 l -2.704 -7.968 -2.662 -7.88 -2.576 -7.8 c -3.54 -0.444 l 0 0 m 1 0 0 1 508.5381012 204.835907 cm -2.784 0 l ), It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see, Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the, Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called. -9.353 -2.271 Td -1.32 -0.88 l f /GS1 gs 4.16 -0.464 3.803 -0.111 3.088 -0.111 c 0 0 m -7.435 1.002 -7.958 0.714 -8.48 0.352 c 0 2.112 l W n -3.424 0.24 l (r)Tj -5.136 0 l For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
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