On July 15, 1972, Pioneer 10 entered the asteroid belt, a doughnut-shaped area that measures some 175 million miles (280 million kilometers) wide and 50 million miles (80 million kilometers) thick. Many went almost empty-handed to the frontier. Pioneer women learned to supply their own household goods. English, Scotch, Welsh, and German pioneers went into the Ohio Valley. Pioneer Life. With the help of oxen or horses they rolled up a log, which was banked with dirt to form a low back wall. Havighurst, Walter. For months they lived in covered wagons. This page was last changed on 9 March 2013, at 09:00. Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft intended to fly by Jupiter, surviving the intense radiation that surrounds the giant planet and then on a trajectory that would take it out of the Solar System. He carried a Bible and a hymnbook in his saddlebag. Pioneer 10 in deep space. In this dramatic land rush, settlement came to the last large tract of public domain. The third stage was required to rocket Pioneer 10 to the speed of 52,000 kilometers per hour (32,400 mph) needed for the flight to Jupiter. "Pioneer Life." They must look to the oceans or the solar system—or even to the realms of social justice, education, public health and medicine, religion, or the arts. These schoolbooks brought learning close to pioneer life. Pioneer 10 was a spacecraft launched by NASA in March 1972. The readings described children at work and play in barnyards, fields, and forests. The cornstalks were kept for fodder, while the husked corn was stored in a crib. They split logs into rails to make the zigzag fence that enclosed their clearings. In all these places a familiar scene was repeated. Winter was a hard season on the frontier. The spacecraft also carried one of two plaques, the Pioneer plaques. Wood ash was sifted to make soap. Pioneer life has a special meaning in America. In 1890 the U.S. Census Director declared, "There can hardly be said to be a frontier line." Women soon learned the use of herbs for healing. The fire that smoldered there gave heat for cooking, light, and warmth. For medicines the pioneers had to provide for themselves. The forest was the settlers' enemy—it had to be destroyed to create their fields. Children ran from one campfire to another. On fine days a wagon train could cover 20 miles (32 kilometers); when the rains brought mud, they would be satisfied to cover half that distance. For many people the West meant new opportunities. Multitudes of pioneer settlers traveled the National Road, as later emigrants to the far West traveled the overland trails to Oregon and California. At night the wagons drew into a circle and the oxen were turned loose to graze. When a caravan was large, it was divided into two groups. Clay from the creek bank, mixed with dried grass, was formed into clumsy bricks, which hardened in the sun. Before land could be sold and legally settled, it had to be surveyed. The launch marked the first use of the Atlas-Centaur as a three-stage launch vehicle. To pioneer people, "book l'arnin'" was less important than learning to use an ax and a plow, a loom and a spinning wheel. When a family of settlers arrived at the spot where they planned to make their home, they began chopping saplings and trimming poles to build a lean-to. Young and old suffered from "the shakes," shuddering with cold and then breaking into a drenching sweat. A few ax cuts were made in the tree trunks so that sap could not flow up to the branches. The first window covering was greased paper, which turned away wind and water and admitted a dim light. Neighbors from miles around helped newcomers with logrolling, house-raising, and barn-raising. Yankee farmers went west from the stony fields of New England, and Southern families went west from the crowded lands of Virginia and the Carolinas. Later came slates and slate pencils. On the plaques were images that held some information about humans and earth. Children were helpful in new lands. The other plaque was on Pioneer 11. These common tasks, shared by pioneer neighbors, also provided amusement on the frontier. Scholastic Grolier Online, go.scholastic.com/content/schgo/D/article/a20/232/a2023250-h.html. When the fires died down, the night wind brought the haunting call of coyotes. The church became a social as well as a religious center. Cows were milked while breakfast sizzled on the fire. They ate their lunch in the schoolyard in good weather and around the stove on winter days. Gourds served as pails and dippers. New England families, tired of farming rocky valleys, were attracted to broad and fertile lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains. For months there were no fresh fruits or vegetables. New "soddies" appeared on the prairie, with new breakings beside them. Walter HavighurstAuthor First Book of Pioneers. The first political organization on the frontier was the territorial government, with officials appointed by the president of the United States. Logs, split into flat-faced planks called puncheons, were used to make the cabin floor. It was generally agreed that a stray horse became the property of the first man who could catch it. The farmers tamed the land and made it productive. Some were adventurous and independent. All of the pioneers hoped to find something better over the western horizon. But today, with no land left to discover and little left to explore, modern pioneers must look to other frontiers to break new ground. Game provided food and leather clothing. The sun beat down, and heat waves shimmered on the horizon. On the plaques were images that held some information about humans and earth. With an ax and adze for cutting tools, the pioneers made beds, tables, benches, and stools. On a stump-studded street in a raw new town stood the government land office, with survey maps on the wall and a big open ledger on a table. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 extended it farther, to the Rocky Mountains. Its aims were to study the planets Jupiter and Saturn as well as the edges of the Solar System. Syrups and salves were made from cherry root, horseradish, and witch hazel. Among these were potions of walnut bark "peeled upward," boiled nettles, and "nanny tea," made from sheep dung. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from Scholastic Grolier Online. Most cabins had a cradle, hollowed from a poplar or cottonwood log, and the cradle was rarely empty. After a fiddler played a few tunes, the people went to bed, some in the wagons, others on the ground. A rail fence would keep hogs and sheep out of the corn, but deer could leap that barrier. The historic Natchez Trace led north from Natchez, Mississippi, to Nashville, Tennessee. Pioneer families tended to be large. In a series of reforms the land laws were made more democratic. ™ & © 2020 Scholastic Inc. All Rights Reserved. Then they laid poles, slanted upward, from the back log to the crosspole. Actually it was malaria, carried by mosquitoes. At noon the captain called a halt on a prairie ridge or beside a creek bank. At last he counted out his advance payment and signed his name or made his mark in the ledger. Girls soon learned important household tasks—gardening, cooking, spinning, weaving, mending, sewing, making soap and candles. But every family had frequent bouts of illness. They became known as squatters—people who lived on the public land without legal ownership. Through the forest the pioneers cut primitive roads called traces. Laid against the cabin wall, the bricks formed a "cat and clay" chimney with a broad opening. This was the pioneers' "half-faced camp." Maple sugar was made by tapping maple trees in early spring and boiling the sap until it thickened into a tasty sweetening. With a spade they cut the furrows into 3-foot (1-meter) lengths. The sloping roof was covered with bark and branches. With a local fiddler playing such tunes as "Skip-to-my-Lou" and "Way Down in the Pawpaw Patch," men, women, and children joined in square and circle dances by lantern light on a rough barn floor. But its first task was to shape a pioneer shelter. When fires went out, one could borrow a pan of glowing coals from the nearest cabin. The plaques were designed by a team lead by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life should the spacecraft come into contact with it. Some were irresponsible and lazy, like the Indiana squatter who moved eight times without ever clearing timber or fencing a field. Men especially were free and equal on the frontier, and democracy was strengthened by the pioneer experience. (For more information, see the article on Public Lands.). In early spring, women looked eagerly for the first wild mustard and dandelion plants, which they could boil into a dish of "greens.". One amusement that did not involve household tasks was the barn dance. On his bench he kept a mail-order catalog, which he always consulted before making a judgment. A year of wind and weather would soften the field for cultivation. Its aims were to study the planets Jupiter and Saturn as well as the edges of the Solar System. Once, considering a man charged with a misdemeanor, he put on his spectacles, flipped open the catalog, looked at it a moment, and announced, "I fine you $4.88." With statehood the pioneers elected their own legislators and sent representatives to the U.S. Congress. This served as a temporary home while the pioneer family prepared ground for their first crop. Government surveyors mapped it into 1-square-mile (2.6-square-kilometer) sections and 6-square-mile (15.5-square-kilometer) townships.

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