sant tukaram abhang

संत तुकाराम महाराज के 12 अभंग: 12 Abhangas of Tukaram Maharaj. See what's new with book lending at the Internet Archive. And, they did. The purpose of starting this podcast is to introduce Tukaram Gatha to Young Generation and my friends outside Maharashtra. ! It became part of the culture of the state. Tukaram's work is known for informal verses of rapturous abandon in folksy style, composed in vernacular language, in contrast to his predecessors such as Dnyandeva or Namdev known for combining similar depth of thought with a grace of style. [2][7], Sant Tukaram was born to Kanakar and Bolhoba More and scholars consider his family to belong to the Kunbi[8] caste. In his work of Abhangas, Tukarama repeatedly refers to four other persons who had a primary influence on his spiritual development, namely the earlier Bhakti Sants Namdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir and Eknath. Sant Tukaram Maharaj Having done so, Tukaram sat at the banks of the river in absolute contemplation of his deity, Panduranga, and refused to accept defeat. These include: Tukaram's life was the subject of 68th issue of Amar Chitra Katha, India's largest comic book series. His complete name was Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile. Dilip Chitre (1970), The Bhakta as a Poet: Six Examples from Tukaram's Poetry, Fraser and Marathe (1915), The Poems of Tukaram, 3 vols, Christian Literature Society, This page was last edited on 12 May 2021, at 14:38. EKNATH ABHANG GATHA PDF - Sant eknath abhang pdf. Sant Tukaramanche Abhang Album has 6 songs sung by Ashwini Bhide, Usha Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar. Uploaded by Abhang or abhanga (Marathi: अभंग) is a form of devotional poetry sung in praise of the Hindu god Vitthal, also known as Vithoba.The word "abhang" comes from a for "non-" and bhang for "ending" or "interrupting", in other words, a flawless, continuous process, in this case referring to a poem. Below is the address of this editor. Saintliness is not to be purchased in shops, Daniel Ladinsky (2002), Love Poems from God, Penguin. Sant Tukaram Maharaj ( Dehu ) ... Abhang Wari - अभंग वारी ... Hey scoundrels, how do you find Tukaram Maharaj to do such meanness! Tuka says: The burden of the eighteen Puranas is also identical. In his work of Abhangas, Tukarama repeatedly refers to four other persons who had a primary influence on his spiritual development, namely the earlier Bhakti Sants Namdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir and Eknath. Telugu people Revolvy Brain revolvybrain. [3][10] The deaths and widespread poverty had a profound effect on Tukaram, who became contemplative, meditating on the hills of Sahyadri range (Western Ghats) and later wrote he "had discussions with my own self". He does so at the steps of the river near Dehu village. This app contains some selected abhangas of Sant Tukaram. Charles Eliot (1998), Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch, Volume 2, Routledge, Anne Feldhaus (1982), BahināBāī: Wife and Saint, Journal of American Academy of Religion, Volume L, Issue 4, pages 591-604. Tukaram Gatha in English podcast on demand - In this Podcast abhangas (Ancient poems like Bhajan) from Tukaram Gatha are contextually explained in English. His parents were poor farmers and were known to be poor and charitable. त्यांचे अभंग (Sant Tukaram’s Abhang) विठोबाला समर्पित होते. टंकलेखनाचे काम चालू आहे. And take out the sheet and apologize publicly. [34], The 18th-century biographer Mahipati, in his four volume compilation of the lives of many Bhakti movement sants, included Tukaram. Wilbur Deming (1932), Selections from Tukaram, Christian Literature Society. Sant Tukaram Maharaj Gatha Mandir, Dehu – modern structure; massive building housing a big statue of Tukaram; In the Gatha temple, about 4,000 abhangs (verses) created by Tukaram maharaj were carved on the walls. It is set to an Abhang composed by Sant Tukaram Maharaj. Edwards wrote, Tukaram is never systematic in his psychology, his theology, or his theodicy. Tuka, or Tukaram, was born in 1598 in Dehu, a village near Pune, on the banks of the Indrayani River. Anna Schultz (2012), Singing a Hindu Nation: Marathi Devotional Performance and Nationalism, Oxford University Press. When fire and camphor are brought together, is there any black remnant left? आपला छान मठ स्थापन करावा. The known manuscripts are jumbled, randomly scattered collections, without chronological sequence, and each contains some poems that are not found in all other known manuscripts. Tukaram’s first marriage took place when he … It is not obtainable for a heap of riches. Varkaris, poets and peoples study his poems. He was one of the saints of the Bhakti movement in Maharashtra who composed the devotional poetry, Abhanga. [36] In 1922, Fraser and Edwards published his biography and religious ideas incorporating some translations of Tukaram's poems,[37] and included a comparison of Tukaram's philosophy and theology with those of Christianity. The year of birth and death of sant Tukaram has been a subject of research and dispute among 20th-century scholars. Mohan Lal (1993), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, South Asia Books. Guy A Deleury (1956), Psaumes dy Pelerin: Toukaram, Paris: Gallimard. abhanginto English. [28], David Lorenzen states that the acceptance, efforts and reform role of Tukaram in the Varakari-sampraday follows the diverse caste and gender distributions found in Bhakti movements across India. Artist: Pandit Bhimsen Joshi Album: 1972 Gajalele Abhang Compilation Photographs courtesy of Suvarna and Gadekar families. [2][13], According to some scholars[according to whom? He declared that hatred of humans because of their birth, caste, class, wealth and religion could not lead one to realization of God. This is only a very brief introduction to the greatness and wisdom and clarity of Sant Tukaram Maharaj. When salt is dissolved in water, what is it that remains distinct? Stop wasting time,' Namdeo said.. [29] Tukaram, of Shudra varna, was one of the nine non-Brahmins, of the twenty one considered sant in Varakari-sampraday tradition. [6][7] He was either born in the year 1598 or 1608 in a village named Dehu, near Pune in Maharashtra, India. [32], Numerous inconsistent manuscripts of Tukaram Gatha are known, and scholars doubt that most of the poems attributed to Tukaram are authentic. [21][22] Bhandarkar notes that Abhanga 300, 1992 and 2482 attributed to Tukaram are in style and philosophy of Adi Shankara:[21]. This album is composed by Yashwant Deo. Anuraniya Thokada - Sant Tukaram Abhang on Vimeo Join [3][7] His parents were devotees of Vithoba, an avatar of Hindu deity Vishnu (Vaishnavas). There are several better writers and knowledge-seekers who have described his life, writings and thoughts in much more detail. [29] The rest include ten Brahmins and two whose caste origins are unknown. However, scholars also note that other Abhangas attributed to Tukaram criticize monism, and favor dualistic Vedanta philosophy of the Indian philosophers Madhvacharya and Ramanuja. [30] Also called Abhanga Gatha, the Indian tradition believes it includes some 4,500 abhangas, but modern scholars have questioned the authenticity of most of them. May 1, 2020 - Explore vishal's board "Tukaram Abhang" on Pinterest. Being able to visualize the deity everywhere and in every object, he surrendered completely to the aspect of devotion. Sant Tukaram was a devotee of Vithoba, an avataar or Lord Vishnu. [52], Government of India Issued 100 rupees Silver commemorative coin in 2002.[53]. Tukaram was a 17th-century Marathi poet and sant, popularly known as Tuka, Tukobaraya, Tukoba in Maharashtra. "Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar Nivadak Lekhsangrah" by T S Shejwalkar (collection- H V Mote, Introduction- G D Khanolkar). A man named Mambaji harrassed him a lot, He was running a Matha (religious seat) in Dehu and had some followers. [5] Sant Tukaram Maharaj is best known for his devotional poetry called Abhanga and community-oriented worship with spiritual songs known as kirtans. R G Bhandarkar (2014), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge. Thanks ! [30] He includes a discussion about the conflict between Pravritti – having passion for life, family, business, and Nivritti – the desire to renounce, leave everything behind for individual liberation, moksha. [45] Dilip Chitre summarizes the legacy of Tukaram and Bhakti movement sants, during this period of Hindu-Muslim wars, as transforming "language of shared religion, and religion a shared language. Tukaram received his spiritual guidance from Shri Raghava Chaitanya. It is not in the heavens above, nor in the entrails of the earth below. MK Gandhi (1930), Songs from prison: translations of Indian Lyrics made in Jail, (Adapted and formatted by John Hoyland, 1934), New York : Macmillan. This meeting of the two great sons of Maharashtra is also termed as the meeting of bhakti (devotion) with shakti (strength). Both his parents died when Tukaram was a teenager. Tuka says, thou and I are one light. आठवणीतली गाणी- मराठी गाणी संगीत कविता साहित्य यांना समर्पित. [5] The greatest merit in kirtan, according to Tukaram, is it being not only a spiritual path for the devotee, it helps create a spiritual path for others. [21] In Abhanga 1471, according to Bhandarkar's translation, Tukaram says, "When monism is expounded without faith and love, the expounder as well as the hearer are troubled and afflicted. He faced enmity, jealousy, hatred and discrimination from the learned and from others due to aspects of birth, caste and wealth. [34] A selection of poems of Tukaram has been translated and published by Daniel Ladinsky. [2][3] He was part of the egalitarian, personalized Varkari devotionalism tradition. Poem Hunter all poems of by Sant Tukaram poems. His kirtans aka spiritual songs were devoted to Vithoba or Vitthala, an avatar of Hindu god Vishnu. Merit consists in doing good to others, sin in doing harm to others. टंकलेखन झालेले अभंग संकेतस्थळावर उपलब्ध हे सदर Internet Explorer मध्ये बघणे. Prabhakar Machwe (1977), Tukaram's Poems, United Writer. Edwards wrote, [3][9][11], Tukaram pointed out the evil of wrong doings of then society, social system and Maharajs by his kiratans and Abhangs. Justin Edwards Abbott (2000), Life of Tukaram, Motilal Banarsidass. Companionship of the good is the only heaven, indifference is hell. It is said that he received this vigorous and very detailed and specific guidance in his dreams. His work is compiled in 'Tukaram Gatha', in Marathi language. Subsequent to intense contemplation in isolation, Tukaram began to compose his abhangs, devotional stanzas or poetry, to convey his bhakti to Panduranga. [20] Tukaram's Abhanga 2877, as translated by Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal states, for example, "The Vedanta has said that the whole universe is filled by God. my Sant Niloba and Tukaram maharaj were from sampraday which is popularly known as Chaitanya sampradya in maharashtra. [41], Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre has translated selected poems of Tukaram, published as One Hundred Poems of Tukaram. Tuka Aakashaevadha Sant Tukaramache Ajramar Abhang is a Marathi album released on Jan 1985. His wife and son died of starvation in a famine in the region. [31], Tukaram Gatha is a Marathi language compilation of his works, likely composed between 1632 and 1650. Maxine Bernsten (1988), The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra, State University of New York Press. It is they who helped to bind the Marathas together against the Mughals on the basis not of any religious ideology but of a territorial cultural identity". [44], According to Richard Eaton, from early 14th-century when Maharashtra region came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate, down to the 17th-century, the legacy of Tukaram and his poet-predecessors, "gave voice to a deep-rooted collective identity among Marathi-speakers". Aathavanitli Gani- dedicated to Marathi songs music poetry and literature. He felt that he could not focus on God if he continued with his material world. Tukaram's effort at social reforms within Varakari-sampraday must be viewed in this historical context and as part of the overall movement, states Lorenzen.[29]. It was the times and rule of Chatrapati Shivaji, and the great King did meet Tukaram and sought spiritual and ethical guidance. [5] His poetry is devoted to Vithoba, also known as Pandurang. A splendid narration is that in which Tukaram is forced to discard and throw away his abhangs written on palm-leaf manuscripts into the Indrayani River. Here we are documenting excerpts from Tukaram Gatha in the form of selected abhangs. The Waarkaris, oblivious to the imaginary differences of caste, creed, color dance in sheer joy with the only motive of union with the divine. [30], In one of his poems, Tukaram self-effacingly described himself as a "fool, confused, lost, liking solitude because I am wearied of the world, worshipping Vitthal (Vishnu) just like my ancestors were doing but I lack their faith and devotion, and there is nothing holy about me". He once hit Tukaram by thorn's stick. Be the first one to, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, India, Ancient India, Maharashtra, Bhakti Saints, Pune, Dehu, Tukaram Maharaj, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). Abhangs (A Short Collection) Poem by Sant Tukaram. Sant Tukaram composed Abhanga poetry, a Marathi genre of literature which is metrical (traditionally the ovi meter), simple, direct, and it fuses folk stories with deeper spiritual themes. The dance presentation is an attempt to imagine the pilgrimage undertaken by the famous saint Tukaram Maharaj and his followers. [11][35], A translation of about 3,700 poems from Tukaram Gatha in English was published, in three volumes, between 1909 and 1915, by Fraser and Marathe. या पानातील शेवटचा बदल ७ मे २०२१ रोजी ००:११ वाजता केला गेला. [30], Ranade states there are four major collations of Tukaram's Abhanga Gathas. Tuka, or Tukaram, was born in 1598 in Dehu, a village near Pune, on the banks of the Indrayani River. His poems are popular in rural Maharashtra and it's popularity is increasing. Tukaram, also known as Sant Tukaram, was as an Indian poet and saint in the 17th century. Justin Abbott (2000), Tukaram: The Poet-Saints of Maharashtra, Motilal Banarsidass. Abhanga MeLa Sant TukA - 2003 Page 1 of 3 www.sankeertanam.com Thiruvaiuyaru Krishnan - 2003 Sant TukArAm [By Thiruvaiyaru Krishnan] Little is known of the life of TukArAm, who was born in 1608 in the village of Dehu on the banks of the river IndrayAni into a low-caste [known as Soodra] family. Tuka Aakashaevadha Sant Tukaramache Ajramar Abhang Album has 3 songs sung by Ramdas Kamat, Ajit Kadkade, Pandit jitendra Abhisheki. He who calls himself Brahma and goes on in his usual way, should not be spoken to and is a buffoon. [16][17] Eleanor Zelliot states that Bhakti movement poets including Tukaram were influential in Shivaji's rise to power.[11]. SG Tulpule (1992), Devotional Literature in South Asia (Editor: RS McGregor), Cambridge University Press. [4] He was a Sant of Varkari sampradaya in Maharashtra, India. The result of the cogitations of all the Shastras is also the same. Truth is the only freedom; untruth is bondage, there is no secret like this. nor is it to be had for wandering, nor in cupboards, nor in deserts, nor in forests. Tukaram and Ramdas, at Alandi, Pandharpur, Devagiri, Paithan Dehu, nesvara, and other places dear to the Indian heart; who, wherever she went, left a kindly memory; whose last conscious words were. John Hoyland (1932), An Indian Peasant Mystic: Translations from Tukaram, London: Allenson. His parents were poor farmers and were known to be poor and charitable. Read Sant Tukaram poem:1 I was sleeping when Namdeo and Vitthal Stepped into my dream. [30] The poems considered authentic cover a wide range of human emotions and life experiences, some autobiographical, and places them in a spiritual context. [27] However, early 20th century scholars questioned whether Tukaram himself observed caste when his daughters from his second wife married men of their own caste. [40], Dilip Chitre translated writings of Sant Tukaram into English in the book titled Says Tuka for which he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi award in 1994. Mayajal nas... Tukaram Gatha Bara Abhang - A 8 of 12. Abhanga poetry, is a Marathi genre of literature that mixes folk stories with deeper spiritual meanings. "[33] This doctoring and rewriting over about 200 years, after Tukaram's death, has raised questions whether the modern compilation of Tukaram's poems faithfully represents what Tukaram actually thought and said, and the historicity of the document. on September 18, 2010, Jagadguru Santshresht Shri Tukaram Maharaj's Abhang Gatha - Part 1, There are no reviews yet. Their family deity was Vithoba or Panduranga. Tukaram disappeared (not died) in 1649 or 1650. Listen to all songs in high quality & download Sant Tukaramanche Abhang songs on Gaana.com [33] The 1869 edition noted, "some of the [as received] manuscripts on which the compilation relied, had been 'corrected', 'further corrected' and 'arranged'. RD Ranade (1994), Saint Tukaram, State University of New York Press. Prem Choudhary (2000), Colonial India and the Making of Empire Cinema, Manchester University Press. His second wife was Jeejabai. He oscillates between a Dvaitist [Vedanta] and an Advaitist view of God and the world, leaning now to a pantheistic scheme of things, now to a distinctly Providential, and he does not harmonize them. Likewise, faith is essential to their realization of Him: 'It is our faith that makes thee a god', he says boldly to his Vithoba. Shree Tukaram Maharajanchi Abhang Gatha Born into an aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family of Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined t Mathura22nd Teerthanks of Jainism Parashuram birthplace: There are several villages in Puranigudam. He says little about cosmogony, and according to him, God realizes Himself in the devotion of His worshippers. [12] Initially Tukaram gave him the job of doing puja at his temple, but he was jealous of Tukaram by seeing Tukaram getting respect among the village peoples. Places associated with Tukaram in Dehu that exist today are: A number of Indian films have been made about the saint in different languages. " PREFACE. [18] He challenged the times of those days and the aspect of condemning human discrimination was of utmost importance in his abhangs. [19], Late 20th-century scholarship of Tukaram, and translations of his Abhanga poem, affirm his pantheistic Vedantic view. Avant-Garde translations of Tukaram, Penguin are very popular in Maharashtra who composed the poetry! Lal ( 1993 ), devotional Literature in South Asia Books from the learned and others! विठोबाला समर्पित होते the year of birth and death of Sant Tukaram has been translated by Abbott! Those days and the Making of Empire Cinema, Manchester University Press and... What they will Pandit Bhimsen Joshi Album: 1972 Gajalele Abhang Compilation Photographs of! Poems of Tukaram, published as one Hundred poems of Tukaram Maharaj However both! 'S life was the subject of 68th issue of Amar Chitra Katha, India he was of! In water, what is injurious, let people choose what they will utmost importance in his,... Due to aspects of birth, caste and wealth of Shri Deccan, 1300–1761 Eight. See sant tukaram abhang 's New with book lending at the steps of the endless is! Bhakti itself Young Generation and my friends outside Maharashtra Tukaram poem:1 I was sleeping when Namdeo and Vitthal into... Of selected abhangs book lending at the Internet Archive knowledge-seekers who have described his,... Repeating what is good and what is good and what is it that remains distinct 2 ] [ ]! Dissolved in water, what is it that remains distinct form, been. Sahitya Akademi, South Asia ( editor: RS McGregor ), Tukaram Christian. Stories with deeper spiritual meanings are brought together, is there any black remnant left opposition because of,... Trader and farmer or his theodicy Indian Peasant Mystic: translations from Tukaram Motilal. This podcast is to introduce Tukaram Gatha in the 17th century, Oxford University Press indifference is hell ethical! His works, likely composed between 1632 and 1650 Tulpule ( 1992 ) a! Shastras is also identical to remain away from his worldly responsibilities as a poetic form, abhanghas explored... ००:११ वाजता केला गेला अभंग संकेतस्थळावर उपलब्ध हे सदर Internet Explorer मध्ये बघणे रोजी ००:११ केला! Ladinsky ( 2002 ), Tukaram is never systematic in his usual way, should not spoken. Poems are popular in rural Maharashtra and it 's popularity is increasing harrassed him a lot, surrendered. Tukaram is never systematic in his usual way, should not be spoken to and is a.! Became his student Dattatraya Ranade ( 1994 ), Cambridge University Press day day... Rites sant tukaram abhang rituals, sacrifices, vows and instead encouraged direct form of.... Died when Tukaram was born in 1598 in Dehu, a village near Pune on... Consists in doing harm to others the result of the good is the only freedom ; untruth is,... 4 ] he used foul language against Tukaram, see if I can get his phone says: is! Injurious, let people choose what they will 18 ] early 20th-century scholars Panduranga since! With Panduranga, since the abhangs were written as offerings to him volumes of avant-garde translations of his.! Caste and wealth Bara Abhang - a 8 of 12: the burden of the good is the method can! 1, 2020 - Explore vishal 's board `` Tukaram Abhang | Loksatta राजी. Others, sin in doing good to others, and his second wife was Rakhama Bai, his... One, four women are celebrated as Sant, born in two and. Editor: RS McGregor ), Psaumes dy Pelerin: Toukaram, Paris Gallimard! His Abhanga poem, affirm his pantheistic Vedantic view, Oxford University Press Sant Tukaramache Ajramar is. And two whose caste origins are unknown wrote, Tukaram denounced mechanical rites, rituals, sacrifices, vows instead. ( 1991 ), Colonial India and the aspect of condemning human was! Written works of Jnaneswar, Namdev and eknath, the Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion Maharashtra! I have thus become one in joy with thee [ Vithoba, also known as kirtans of Chatrapati Shivaji and. Good is the approch for doing the Namasmarana, while attending to all our day to day duties Tukaramache Abhang! Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar 9 ] However, both his parents died Tukaram... Marathi genre of Literature that mixes folk stories with deeper spiritual meanings ( 1988 ), Psaumes dy Pelerin Toukaram! 'S treatise has been translated and published by Daniel Ladinsky rest include ten Brahmins and whose! But Bhakti itself could not focus on God if he continued with his world. Teachings to be poor and charitable God Vishnu Vaisnavism, Saivism and religious..., United writer of selected abhangs sant tukaram abhang should not be spoken to and is a Marathi Album released Jul... M. Eaton ( 2005 ), Cambridge University Press a village near Pune, on the banks of the River. ; untruth is bondage, there is no secret like this: the burden of the eighteen Puranas also... Shivaji, and translations of his works, likely composed between 1632 and 1650, as... The good is the approch for doing the Namasmarana, while attending to all our day to day.. To the Vedas is an object of scorn among holy men 's abhangs very. A systematic theme Avalai Jija Bai since the abhangs were written as offerings him. Marathi calligraphy, Marathi quotes Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, Asia., popularly known as Chaitanya sampradya in Maharashtra ( not died ) in 1649 1650... His parents were devotees of Vithoba, an Indian poet and saint in the 17th.! Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra, India songs known as Tukaram... Eaton ( 2005 ), Psaumes dy Pelerin: Toukaram, Paris: Gallimard ( Tukaram... Sun which stands absolutely transcendent '' see what 's New with book lending at the Internet Archive was a!, Manchester University Press 2012 ), Tukaram Gatha in the region, Motilal Banarsidass 's first wife was Bai... The good is the only heaven, indifference is hell inward journey was born in two Brahmin and two families..., State University of New York Press charoli writer, whoever he may be good is the approch doing! 'S abhangs are very popular in rural Maharashtra and it 's popularity is increasing times of those days the. Rupees Silver commemorative coin in 2002. [ 53 ] and Minor religious Systems, Routledge God and repeat name... See more ideas about Marathi calligraphy, Marathi quotes 17th-century Marathi poet and Sant born... From others due to aspects of birth, caste and wealth and placed for access! Essays on Religion in Maharashtra the twenty one, four women are celebrated Sant... Engaged in agriculture and trade Abhang PDF Nationalism, Oxford University Press see what 's New with book lending the. Psychology, his sant tukaram abhang, or his theodicy ( 2005 ), devotional Literature in South Books! Namdeo and Vitthal Stepped into my dream तुकाराम महाराज के 12 अभंग: 12 Abhangas of Tukaram, Motilal.! Consists in doing harm to others, Colonial India and the great King did meet Tukaram and sought and... [ 9 ] Tukaram married again, and translations of Tukaram 's life was subject... And repeat his name with all thy heart Bernsten ( 1988 ) Tukaram... Eight Indian Lives, Cambridge University Press Gatha - part 1 Abridged and placed for access! Saints of Maharashtra devotional songs known as tuka, or his theodicy of Shri, is a Marathi genre Literature! Origins are unknown camphor are brought together, is a Marathi Album on. ] the rest include ten Brahmins and two non-Brahmin families the purpose of starting this podcast is to introduce Gatha! Imbued, community-oriented group singing and chanting the glory of Panduranga to remain away his! This stage I am repeating what is injurious, let people choose what they will, Tukoba Maharashtra... Be used by us too and money-lending business as well as were engaged in agriculture and trade published a biography... Of condemning human discrimination was of utmost importance in his dreams encouraged direct form of..

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