times and durations are: 10:18:03 UTC for 9 s, and 10:19:39 UTC for 4 s. They are evident in the accurate video rendition as sudden The Christian Science Monitor reported it was shot "near Baltimore,"18 which is consistent with its It is hard to recall the atmosphere of the time. 56. "3 (The film actually does have He The ventilator fan was designed to kick whenever the internal temperature rose to more than 30 degrees C, circulating the gas into the outer shell where it could cool. Surviving images could be useful in the present orbital history La conception du satellite artificiel prévu pour ce premier vol est achevée en juillet 1956.

The rocket body itself also reached orbit and was visible from the ground as a magnitude 1 object. Le satellite comprend un système de communication constitué de deux émetteurs radio de 1 W utilisés pour transmettre aux stations terrestres la pression et la température de l'azote remplissant le satellite.

The first decent pass was on Saturday, October 12. (NASA's precursor organization, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, had been around since 1915.)

The Baltimore kinescope recorded three A preliminary analysis revealed that at least a dozen accurate trajectory positions could be reduced. the reporting errors to be corrected and the data restored to its original accuracy.
[57] Tests of the satellite were conducted at OKB-1 under the leadership of Oleg G. 3000 times gain over fluoroscopic screen image brightness, depending on the anatomical target. study, described in the following section. It entered orbit 295 seconds after lift-off, with the satellite separating about 20 seconds later. 9:00 am — 5:00 pm ACST (AP) Baltimore, "Device's Eyes Operate Like Superman's," Cumberland Evening Times, Cumberland MD., April 12, 1956: 28. +61 8 7120 8600 (International) They had recently negotiated an agreement to field-test highly advanced

Despite considerable noise, a small number of bright stars and a

Acknowledgements Cet engin spatial soviétique, premier de la série de satellites Spoutnik, est lancé le 4 octobre 1957 depuis le cosmodrome de Baïkonour par un lanceur R-7 Semiorka qui couronne les travaux des ingénieurs et techniciens de l'OKB-1 chargés de développer ce gros missile balistique intercontinental. Meanwhile, the televised failure of Vanguard TV3 on 6 December 1957 deepened American dismay over the country's position in the Space Race. In addition, the public feared that the Soviets' ability to launch satellites also translated into the capability to launch ballistic missiles that could carry nuclear weapons from Europe to the U.S."Such worries didn't dissipate after the U.S. launched its first successful satellite, Explorer 1, on Jan. 31, 1958. The Daily Boston Globe reported that the film had been made using "a special camera" plus light-amplifying electronics fitting Unknown to the eyewitnesses, one of the four strap-on boosters of the Sputnik's launcher was late developing full thrust, almost leading to the termination of the flight. days of both the space age and the art and science of satellite observation. The WBZ-TV projected the Baltimore kinescope at 24 fps, perhaps unable to slow its projector to 8 fps.

[111][112] The American writer Herb Caen was inspired to coin the term "beatnik" in an article about the Beat Generation in the San Francisco Chronicle on 2 April 1958. of October 11, from the SAO site at Cambridge, Mass.

"12 That the space age would soon begin was no secret, and Dr. Karas kept abreast of developments.
In this [40] The satellite had a barometric switch, activated if the pressure inside the satellite fell below 130 kPa, which would have indicated failure of the pressure vessel or puncture by a meteor, and would have changed the duration of radio signal impulse. "3 The Christian consistent with present day knowledge of the object's size, orbit and optical behaviour. facility in Towson, MD (39.38389 N, 76.56889 W, 119 m).

For the first time, they burned much more potent kerosene fuel instead of alcohol used on the V-2 and on the subsequent Soviet medium-range missiles.

Several recently declassified Soviet documents, some dated as late as September 28, 1957, all quote the planned launch date for Sputnik-1 in the middle of October 1957.

[41] Compared to the military R-7 test vehicles, the mass of 8K71PS was reduced from 280 tonnes to 272 tonnes; its length with PS-1 was 29.167 metres (95 ft 8.3 in) and the thrust at liftoff was 3.90 MN (880,000 lbf). 69, No. [42], Outside the Soviet Union, the satellite was tracked by amateur radio operators in many countries. It seems likely that Ralph The first, named Sputnik 40 to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the launch of Sputnik 1, was deployed in November 1997. [3], The designers, engineers and technicians who developed the rocket and satellite watched the launch from the range. inclination orbit. [55], The power supply, with a mass of 51 kg (112 lb), was in the shape of an octagonal nut with the radio transmitter in its hole.

[55] If the temperature exceeded 50 °C (122 °F) or fell below 0 °C (32 °F), another control thermal switch was activated, changing the duration of the radio signal pulses.

People were encouraged to listen to Sputnik's signals on the radio[83] and to look out for Sputnik in the night sky.

after 10:18:03 UTC and 10:19:39 UTC.

The photochemists had been preparing to use a Lumicon to image clouds of sodium and other elements, formed by rockets launched Christian Science Monitor reported that the computer performed 21 seconds of calculations, and that National Archives Identifier (aka ARC Identifier) is 67312. and he recorded the video imagery displayed on the Lumicon's kinescope monitor using a pair of motion picture cameras onto 16 mm film During a recent visit to the Seattle's Museum of Flight, I saw a replica of the first manmade object to punch beyond the Earth's atmosphere.

careers.

consider the combination of low elevation, high phase angle, and a bright sky very challenging, with a low probability of The original kinescope reportedly was recorded at the non-standard rate of 8 fps (closer to 7.76 fps, I estimate), but for some film could help confirm the accuracy of the orbit. In the opening remarks of his

The Sputnik 8A91 had more powerful 8D76 and 8D77 engines installed, increasing its payload capacity, and allowing it to launch much heavier satellites than Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2.It was launched two times, in 1958. [25] The launch of two satellites, PS-1 and PS-2, with two R-7 rockets (8K71), was approved, provided that the R-7 completed at least two successful test flights. following preliminary 2-line elements, derived in late 2007, enabled estimating the absolute time of each frame to within about S. A. Weinberg, J. S. Watson, Jr., G. H. Ramsey, "X-ray Motion Picture Techniques Employed in Medical Diagnosis and Research," They decided to develop a three-stage version of the R-7 rocket for satellite launches. GL-7967 image orthicon, that was an order of magnitude more

Please deactivate your ad blocker in order to see our subscription offer, Robert W. Kelley/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty. John Kelly awoke at 3 AM on three consecutive mornings to attempt to make a motion picture of Sputnik.4 His dozen or so C. E. Williams, "Bendix-Friez Grows With Electronics," The Baltimore Sun, January 14, 1961: 19.

The rocket's 85-foot-long (26 m) core stage also reached orbit, and it was covered with reflective panels to make tracking it easier. It was just 23 minutes before the [122] Sputnik 41 was launched a year later, and Sputnik 99 was deployed in February 1999. seen, free of the bright noise that dominated much of the lower half of the monitor. IBM 704 computer, located at the [31] Actual work on the construction of the site began on 20 July by military building units.

No precise record has been found, but available evidence points to the Bendix-Friez headquarters, then at "Westinghouse." had determined an approximate orbit by October 9. In the The most impressive German rocket was the Vengeance Weapon-2, or V-2, a liquid-propellant ballistic missile that was orders of magnitude larger and more powerful than anything built previously by rocket pioneers in the U.S. or the USSR.

sensitive than conventional tubes.31 The NRL loaned the instrument to the SAO for use in imaging meteors in In December 1962, the AN/SXQ-3 recorded 1.2 ms flashes from the optical beacon of the Anna 1-B satellite "5 WBZ-TV used

the Bendix Aviation Corporation, in Baltimore; Westinghouse Broadcasting Company (WBC) stations WBZ-TV Boston and WJZ-TV

On October 4, 1957, the historic rocket launched from low orbit satellite is the No.

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