Anchored observatories house instruments on the seafloor. Bruce H. Robison, a marine biologist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in California, began prowling the deep Pacific in a revolutionary craft in 1985. Scientists estimate between 90 and 95 percent of the deep sea remains a mystery. Deep Sea Exploration Fast Facts The deepest part of the Earth's oceans is the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, at 10,994 meters (36,070 feet or nearly 7 miles) below sea level. Giant plastic spheres, with walls six inches thick or more, are making the depths of the ocean, and its strange denizens, more accessible. We have already protected nearly 4 million square miles of ocean and innumerable sea life - but there is still more to be done. Meet Cindy Van Dover, a deepsea explorer and the first female to pilot Alvin, the submersible that has ferried researchers into some of the ocean's deepest depths. 1960: Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh, with the deep sea vessel Trieste, descend to the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench (10,740 meters/6.67 miles). The history of deep sea exploration begins relatively recently, mainly because advanced technology is needed to explore the depths. To scientists, the deep sea is the lowest part of the ocean, below the thermocline (the layer where heating and cooling from sunlight ceases to have an effect) and above the sea floor. Like space exploration, deep sea exploration requires new instruments and technology. 1930: William Beebe and Otis Barton become the first humans to visit the deep sea. Some milestones include: 1521: Ferdinand Magellan attempts to measure the depth of the Pacific Ocean.

You can help protect the animals that call the deep sea home by signing this letter of support telling federal fishery managers you care about the health of the living seafloor and the health of the world’s oceans.

NOAA expedition coordinator Kasey Cantwell describes the discoveries that surprised scientists.

Here are some of these new species: The ghost octopus is a very pale cephalopod (the family also belonging to squid), discovered 2.6 miles deep on Hawaii’s ocean floor.

First described in 1964, the longfin gunnel, Pholis clemensi, was observed and identified by scientists reviewing HD video footage captured by Oceana from a ROV dive off north central California in 2011. She said the bubble, which will have walls five inches thick, will dive to 1,650 feet, about a third of a mile deep. Beginning in the 19th century, researchers used wire rather than rope to take sounding measurements. “The profusion of life was so much greater than what I had imagined.” The dark sea was alive: glowing, flashing, shimmering. Deep sea exploration is a multi-disciplinary endeavor that includes oceanography, biology, geography, archaeology, and engineering. Fans of the undersea craft sometimes call these new submersibles inner spaceships. Imagining life on the deep, dark ocean floor evokes a world of intrigue and possibility, a land on planet Earth that has yet to be fully explored. Three people have visited the depths of the Challenger Deep. When Oceana scientists observed a longfin gunnel off Point Lobos, California, it was over 180 miles south of the previously presumed range for this species and at more than 30 meters deep, it was also twice as deep as its typical depth range. A robust global treaty is needed, A jellyfish in the Pacific Ocean’s Mariana Trench.

Though the UN is supposed to wrap up a global ocean treaty this year, many campaigners are pessimistic about the prospect of it offering the kind of protection they believe is needed. The Christmas tree coral, Antipathes dendrochristos, was observed at 150 meters (492 feet) depth from a two-person mini-submersible Delta during surveys of benthic fish in the Southern California Bight—a large area where the coastline curves from Point Conception to the Mexico border. Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan developed the Aqualung, which was the first true "Scuba" (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) system. “We are on a mission to show people that.”. “It’s really fantastic.”. While thousands of climbers have since climbed Everest in the footsteps of Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary, only two more people have followed the route of Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh, who reached the bottom in 1960. © 1986–2020 The Scientist. Four meat-eating sponges (Asbestopluma monticola, Asbestopluma rickettsi, Cladorhiza caillieti, and Cladorhiza evae) were discovered in deep waters off the coast of California by Lonny Lundsten, a biologist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Within their steel Bathysphere, they observe shrimp and jellyfish. The Nautilus exploration vehicle and NOAA's Okeanus Explorer continue to discovery new species, unravel man's effects on the pelagic environment, and explore wrecks and artifacts deep beneath the sea surface. Oceans cover 70 percent of the Earth's surface, yet even today their depths remain largely unexplored. In November, the Pacific Fishery Management Council will decide whether to adopt the proposal put forward by Oceana and partners, maintain the status quo, or select an alternative proposal that would result in a net conservation loss in regions up and down the U.S. West Coast. ROVs typically carry cameras, manipulator arms, sonar equipment, and sample containers. Larger, deeper-diving bubbles are on the horizon. This week they announced they’re collecting plastic, and their picture…, From the darkness emerges a boot. In September, Triton announced that Kjell Inge Røkke, a Norwegian billionaire who made his money in commercial fishing, is buying a bubble that can descend 7,500 feet, about a mile and a half. While humans have visited the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the trips were expensive and only allowed limited exploration. Using a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) to examine the ocean floor, Oceana is particularly interested in exploring specific areas where little or no data exists and that are currently open to bottom trawling—the most damaging fishing method to seafloor habitats off the U.S. West Coast. They observe fish and other organisms. Scientists have discovered a new type of eye cell in a deep-sea fish species. From the time of Pliny until the end of the 19th century, people believed the deep sea was a lifeless wasteland. It's difficult to explore the depths because they are eternally dark, extremely cold (between 0 degrees C and 3 degrees C below 3,000 meters), and under high pressure (15750 psi or over 1,000 times higher than standard atmospheric pressure at sea level). Most deep-sea sponges capture food using choanocytes, which are cells with long, tiny tails that whip around and create wave-like currents to force single-celled organisms into the sponge’s system.

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