The Fennoman movement aimed to include the common people in a non-political role; the labour movement, youth associations and the temperance movement were initially led "from above". The war was fought between the Reds, led by a section of the Social Democratic Party, and the Whites, conducted by the conservative-based Senate and the German Imperial Army. Eco, Cookies help us deliver our services. [49], At the beginning of the war, a discontinuous front line ran through southern Finland from west to east, dividing the country into White Finland and Red Finland. Of those who perished, some 13,000 died in the prison camps. Declaring independence was one thing, but exercising control over the territory was another. The activists aimed also at a Finnish Grand Duchy ruled either by Germany or Sweden. The Whites' propaganda promoted the idea that they were fighting a defensive war against Bolshevist Russians, and belittled the role of the Red Finns among their enemies. On 13 February, the German leadership decided to retaliate and send military detachments to Finland too. [66], The Jäger battalion was politically divided, too. In domestic policy, the White Senate's main goal was to return the political right to power in Finland. In a detention camp in 1918, a group of Finnish actors are sentenced to death. The Soviets remained active on the south-eastern front, mainly in the Battle of Rautu on the Karelian Isthmus between February and April 1918, where they defended the approaches to Petrograd. On the left, the vanguard of the movement was the urban Red Guards from Helsinki, Kotka and Turku; they led the rural Reds and convinced the socialist leaders who wavered between peace and war to support the revolution. [61], Ali Aaltonen was replaced on 28 January 1918 by Eero Haapalainen as commander-in-chief. The Red side never accomplished conscription, which was one of the reasons for its demise. About 39,000 people, of whom 36,000 were Finns, perished in the conflict. The latter system originated in the regime of the Swedish Empire that preceded Russian governance and divided the Finnish people economically, socially and politically. Eventually, the political rivalries of 1917 led to an arms race and an escalation towards civil war. The members were required to buy their own equipment and rifle, but the local chapters helped their members if the chapters had funds for it. As a consequence, export to the free market of the Petrograd area increased. It was Finland's first large-scale urban battle and one of the four most decisive military engagements of the war. The soldiers were similar to those of the Reds, having brief and inadequate training. The Finnish Civil War opened a low-cost access route to Fennoscandia, where the geopolitical status was altered as a British Naval squadron invaded the Soviet harbour of Murmansk by the Arctic Ocean on 9 March 1918. Mannerheim stalled the plan, but some women were drafted as soldiers. Three war-time priorities determined the pragmatic policy of the Swedish liberal-social democratic government: sound economics, with export of iron-ore and foodstuff to Germany; sustaining the tranquility of Swedish society; and geopolitics. The new system was based on military districts acting as the local mobilization centers. The social democrats wanted to retain the civil rights already achieved and to increase the socialists' power over society. In theory, the Senate consisted of a broad national coalition, but in practice (with the main political groups unwilling to compromise and top politicians remaining outside of it), it proved unable to solve any major Finnish problem. To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble English words (left, right, up, down) from the falling squares. As the heritage of the White Guard in Finland is very mixed, the National Defence Training Association does not consider itself to be the successor of the White Guard.

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